Bioenergetics
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan in Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
The rate of ATP use during different activities spans from very low (resting levels) to very high during maximum efforts. To replenish energy at different rates there are three basic energy systems that can be used. Although these energy systems operate simultaneously to replenish ATP, they have different maximum rates and capacities of ATP production. Energy is ultimately derived from food; however, only carbohydrates can produce energy without the direct use of oxygen. Therefore, during high-intensity exercise in which energy demand depends upon anaerobic mechanisms, the importance of carbohydrate metabolism should not be underestimated. It should be noted that while these systems are simultaneously and continually active, the degree to which any one of these systems is used depends primarily on the intensity of physical activity and secondarily on the duration (77). The three bioenergetics systems are: Phosphagen system (ATP-PCr system and the myokinase reaction).Glycolytic system (anaerobic/fast and aerobic/slow).Oxidative (aerobic) system.
Features of Lipid Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus and Ischemic Heart Disease
E.I. Sokolov in Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus, 2020
An important role in regulating the glycolysis enzymes in an organism is played by the synthetic fatty acids. Fatty acids and glucose react in the Randle glucose-fatty acid cycle whose direction is determined by the concentration and utilization of its substrates. Fatty acids inhibit not only glycolysis, but also the entering of pyruvate into the Krebs cycle by inhibiting the pyruvatedehydrogenase reaction combining cytoplasmatic glycolysis with mitochondrial oxidation processes. Glucose is not only an energy and plastic factor, but also a regulating one. Autoregulation of carbohydrate metabolism is manifest in the increase in the glucose synthesis of glycogen, and also in the inhibition of glycogenolysis and glyconeogenesis by modification of the activity of the relevant enzymes [458, 474, 490]. Lactate blocks the utilization of glucose by tissues and its oxidation in glycolysis and in the Krebs cycle.
Sodium Intake and Hypertension
Austin E. Doyle, Frederick A. O. Mendelsohn, Trefor O. Morgan in Pharmacological and Therapeutic Aspects of Hypertension, 2020
Impairment of glucose tolerance is detected in patients receiving diuretics for prolonged periods.150 The exact incidence and significance of the chemical abnormality in glucose tolerance is unknown. The mechanism of its production is unclear, but it is more common when high doses are used for a prolonged period. It has been reported with the thiazide and the high ceiling diuretics. A few patients develop impairment of carbohydrate metabolism which is sufficient to cause diabetes mellitus. People with previously asymptomatic elevation in blood glucose may develop symptoms which require treatment. If diabetes is precipitated by a diuretic, the drug should be stopped or the dose reduced to a level where the effect on carbohydrate tolerance is minimal. It is doubtful if it is justifiable to continue to treat hypertension with a diuretic if symptomatic diabetes is precipitated. The distal tubular agents do not have this effect and could be substituted.
A Review of the Health-Promoting Properties of Spirulina with a Focus on athletes’ Performance and Recovery
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Mehdi Chaouachi, Sophie Vincent, Carole Groussard
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder resulting from abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism. It is characterized by deficiencies in insulin secretion, inducing hyperglycemia (Shao et al. 2019). Patients with diabetes suffer from several complications and are at risk of several additional diseases (Hatami et al. 2021). Indeed, diabetes and insulin resistance are associated with an increased risk of CVD incidence (Ghanbari et al. 2022). It is considered the most important metabolic disease with fast increasing prevalence making it a major public health concern (Veluchamy and Palaniswamy 2020). In diabetes, insufficient insulin secretion (type 1 diabetes), or defect of insulin action (type 2 diabetes) leads to hyperglycemia and disorders of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids metabolism (Ghanbari et al. 2022). Although there are many drugs available on the market, long time use may cause side effects (Layam and Reddy 2007). Natural sources such as Spirulina could be effective in reducing the intensity of diabetes. Indeed, Spirulina is reported to be effective for improving blood lipid profiles, enhancing immune capacity, and reducing oxidative stress. Since dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation are considered to be contributing factors to diabetes, Spirulina is a serious candidate for the management of diabetes (Lee et al. 2008).
Recent developments in wearable & non-wearable point-of-care biosensors for cortisol detection
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2023
Simran Kaur, Niharika Gupta, Bansi D. Malhotra
Stress can be associated with many biomarkers in a body, out of which cortisol is the most prominent one. Prolonged stress is responsible for activation of brain routes that stimulate the adrenal cortex to release cortisol, hence cortisol is known as the stress hormone. Cortisol, also known as hydrocortisone ((11β)-11,17,21-trihydroxy pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione), is a lipophilic molecule and is transported throughout the body via blood circulation. Physiologically, its role includes the modulation of blood pressure in order to supplement fat and glucose in muscles and brain, which further assist in successfully managing stress. However, the prolonged increase in cortisol has the potential to cause serious ailments like depression, hypertension, etc. [8–10]. It is a glucocorticoid hormone that is significantly involved in the regulation of many physiological processes, including glucose levels, carbohydrate metabolism, blood pressure, etc. It also affects the cognitive abilities like memory, sleep, mood, fatigue, etc. [4]. Abnormalities in cortisol levels may indicate mental health concerns like depression and, hence, its regular monitoring can benefit at-risk individuals significantly.
Modulatory effect of isopulegol on hepatic key enzymes of glucose metabolism in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
Karunanithi Kalaivani, Chandrasekaran Sankaranarayanan
Diabetes mellitus, a multifaceted metabolic disorder is characterized by reduced capacity of pancreatic β cells to release sufficient insulin along with alterations in its function. These changes in insulin production/action brings disturbances in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism resulting in chronic hyperglycaemia (de Koning et al.2008). Derangements in carbohydrate metabolism are accompanied by changes in the activities of the enzymes that control glycolysis and gluconeogenesis resulting in impaired glucose utilisation and enhanced endogenous glucose production. HFD/STZ induced Wistar rats is considered to be a good model for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The primary objective of this study is to examine whether oral administration of isopulegol to diabetic rats can improve the biochemical alterations in carbohydrate metabolism.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anabolism
- Animal
- Biochemistry
- Carbon Dioxide
- Cellular Respiration
- Metabolic Pathway
- Photosynthesis
- Carbohydrate
- Catabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphate