Diabetes
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson in Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
Blood sugar, or blood glucose, is a simple carbohydrate which is a critical fuel source for energy and basic metabolic functions to occur properly in the body. The stomach converts the foods and liquids one consumes into blood glucose, with the normal ranges being <100 mg/dL after fasting, to <140 mg/dL two hours after a meal. In response to fluctuating levels of blood glucose, the pancreas secretes insulin to maintain proper levels of blood glucose in the bloodstream. The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus is made when elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) occur and persist due to (1) the body’s inability to produce sufficient amounts of the hormone insulin, or (2) the body cannot effectively use, or is resistant to, the insulin it is capable of producing. There are several types of diabetes with the primary categories including type I, type II, hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP), and other types of diabetes (see Table 14.1).
Insulin Pump Therapy: A Practical Tool for Treating Persons with Type 1 and Insulin-Requiring Type 2 Diabetes
Jack L. Leahy, Nathaniel G. Clark, William T. Cefalu in Medical Management of Diabetes Mellitus, 2000
Insulin pump therapy has several advantages that would help this particular patient, including (a) a significant reduction in the extreme high and low blood glucose values; (b) a reduction in the glycosylated hemoglobin value; (c) flexibility in lifestyle for time and quantity of meal and exercise scheduling; and (d) effective control of glucose values during the early morning hours (dawn phenomenon). This patient has one of the most important qualities of a pump candidate, which are reliability and compliance with treatment regimens and home glucose monitoring. He is knowledgeable on sick-day rules and knows how to adjust his dose of regular insulin, depending on his premeal blood sugar value. Because he does have the propensity for hypoglycemia unawareness, insulin pump therapy can be especially beneficial. The glycemic goal in patients such as this one with a history of hypoglycemia unawareness should be kept at a slightly higher and safer range to avoid unconscious reactions. The level should not be too high so that microvascular and macrovascular complications can be prevented or delayed. His glucose values should be kept in the mid-100- to 200-mg/dL range instead of the 70- to 160-mg/dL range that should be targeted in patients without hypoglycemic unawareness.
Neurological Manifestations of Medical Disorders
John W. Scadding, Nicholas A. Losseff in Clinical Neurology, 2011
A progressive spastic paraparesis, portocaval encephalomyelopathy, is a rare complication of liver failure, which may follow episodes of portosystemic encephalopathy or even surgery in patients with cirrhosis. Many patients show high blood ammonia levels; normally this is less than 50 mmol/L, but with hepatic failure it may rise to well above 100 mmol/L. In addition, liver function tests show elevated enzyme levels, and a prolonged prothrombin time (which may lead to bruising and haemorrhagic complications). The blood glucose may be low. The CSF may be normal or show a slight protein rise. The EEG may show paroxysmal slow wave activity mirroring the depressed conscious level; sometimes triphasic delta waves appear in stuporose patients (see Chapter 5). A CT brain scan may be normal or show a swollen brain; this investigation is indicated to exclude haemorrhagic complications.
Disordered eating and insulin restriction in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and testable model
Published in Eating Disorders, 2018
Tara De Paoli, Peter J. Rogers
Blood glucose, or blood sugar, comes from the food we eat and is carried to all the cells in the body to supply energy. Insulin is the hormone that is responsible for transporting sugar in the bloodstream to our cells. In individuals with T1D, the body does not produce enough insulin, causing impaired glucose utilisation, increased blood glucose concentration, and excretion of glucose in the urine. As the body’s capacity both to store glucose and to use it as an energy source is reduced, the body must obtain energy from elsewhere and begins to break down stores of fat and protein, causing weight loss (Frayn, 2010). Individuals with T1D are at risk of complications such as hypo- or hyper-glycaemia, conditions in which the glucose level in bloodstream is either dangerously low or dangerously high. Chronic poor glycaemic control is also associated with poor health outcomes including macro-vascular (e.g., cardiovascular disease) and micro-vascular (e.g., eye, kidney, and nerve damage) complications. As such, treatment for T1D typically requires the administration of insulin and, as glycemic control improves, weight gain is a common side effect (Jacob, Salinas, Adams-Huet, & Raskin, 2006). Weight concerns may then develop (Grilo, 2014).
Biochanin A, a soy isoflavone, diminishes insulin resistance by modulating insulin-signalling pathway in high-fat diet-induced diabetic mice
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Sundaresan Arjunan, Radhiga Thangaiyan, Deivasigamani Balaraman
Three weeks after BCA treatment, Intraperitoneal Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT) was performed on the experimental mice after overnight fasting. Intraperitoneal injection of insulin (0.2 U/kg body weight) was administered to each mice. After administration of insulin, blood samples were collected from the tail vein at 0 min (before administration) and subsequently at 10, 20, 30 and 60 min. Blood glucose was measured in whole blood by one touch glucometer. KITT was calulated by this formula: KITT = 0.693 × 100/T1/2. Where T1/2 is the half-life of plasma glucose decay was calculated by this formula: T1/2 = ln 2/ω. Where, ω constant of plasma glucose breakdown was obtained with the formula: ω = ln C1 −ln C2/T2 − T1 is glucose concentration C1 at time T1 (10 min) and C2 at T2 (60 min).
Neuroprotective effects of oleuropein on retina photoreceptors cells primary culture and olive leaf extract and oleuropein inhibitory effects on aldose reductase in a diabetic model: Meriones shawi
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Maha Benlarbi, Hedya Jemai, Khouloud Hajri, Sihem Mbarek, Emna Amri, Mariem Jebbari, Imane Hammoun, Basma Baccouche, Nourhène Boudhrioua Mihoubi, Ayachi Zemmal, Rafika Ben Chaouacha-Chekir, Wissal Dhifi
In fact, AR which is a NADPH-dependent enzyme converts 3% glucose into sorbitol under normal physiological conditions. Its activity becomes important when the blood glucose level increases. In vitro, it converts glyceraldehyde to glycerol with an equimolar oxidation of NADPH. Our results were consistent with those of Travis et al. (1971), who reported that an activation of the polyol pathway was noticed when intracellular glucose levels increase. Indeed, the incubation of erythrocytes with 50 mM glucose increased the contents of two main metabolites generated by this pathway: sorbitol and fructose. In addition, our results were also in agreement with those of Reddy et al. (2008) according to them, AR in erythrocyte fraction was significantly elevated in patients with DR not only compared to non-diabetic animals but also to diabetic ones without developing DR. Moreover, the same authors reported an AR activity at early disease stages and not only in its advanced ones.