Novel UV Filtering Agents for Next-Generation Cosmetics: From Phytochemicals to Inorganic Nanomaterials
Madhu Gupta, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Vikas Sharma, Nagendra Singh Chauhan in Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Phytoconstituents, 2020
Another important drawback reported in several studies includes the estrogenic effect. Currently, the potential of transdermal permeation of certain types of UV filters is area of active investigation that has led to some controversial aspects such as the potential adverse changes in the endocrine system. In particular, functional groups of benzophenones (present in camphor derivates) are known to cause endocrine effects. Some chemicals even lead to the severe impairment in the endocrine signaling called endocrine disruption (ED). ED chemicals have been subject to intensive scientific investigation since the 1990s (Klimová et al., 2013). Although some UV filters are also known to have weak estrogenic effect and endocrine activity, the idea of monitoring these properties of UV filters is probably justifiable, providing the health benefits should be checked over deleterious effects and proper risk assessment should be done.
Cosmetic Components Causing Contact Urticaria Syndrome: An Update
Ana M. Giménez-Arnau, Howard I. Maibach in Contact Urticaria Syndrome, 2014
Allergic contact dermatitis from sunscreen chemicals has traditionally included CoU, allergic contact dermatitis, and photoallergic contact dermatitis.[27] Benzophenone-3 (2-hydroxy 4-methoxy benzophenone) or oxybenzone is a common ultraviolet A/ultraviolet B sunscreen ingredient known to cause contact and photo-contact allergic reactions, which is the reason its presence needs to be labeled on the cosmetic packaging. [28] Because of the recognition of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and its esters as sensitizers, the presence of benzophenones in “PABA-free” sunscreens has become more prevalent.[27] The occurrence of CoU and even contact-mediated anaphylaxis with benzophenone-3 is rare.[28] Bourrain et al. also described photo-induced urticaria to benzophenones.[29] The severity of the clinical reaction depends partly on the amount of skin exposed; therefore, patch testing does not necessary elicit anaphylaxis.[30] Benzophenones are also added to protect against discoloration of cosmetics, textiles, and plastics exposed to sunlight.[28]
Radioactivity and Radiotracers
Graham Lappin, Simon Temple in Radiotracers in Drug Development, 2006
Superficially therefore, the concept of specific activity is straightforward, but it is complicated somewhat by the fact that the value is based on an average. This is explained as follows. For some compounds the position of the radioisotope can be precisely defined. This is illustrated in Figure 2.2A by the compound benzophenone, labeled in carbon-1. When synthesized, in theory, it is possible to substitute all the atoms at carbon-1 for 14C (i.e., all the molecules of benzophenone have 14C at carbon-1). The specific activity of benzophenone shown in Figure 2.2A will be 2.3 GBq/mmole. (This can be calculated mathematically as is explained in section 2.9, but for the moment, just take this as read). Since the molecular weight of benzophe-none is 182, then this is equivalent to 12.6 MBq/mg. If equal weights of [14C]-benzophenone and non-labeled benzophenone were mixed, then the specific activity would be 6.3 MBq/mg and half the molecules would have a 14C at carbon-1. The overall specific activity of the mixture is therefore an average of all the molecules contained within it.
Evaluation of hazards of electronic -cigarette’s liquid refill on testes of mice, complemented by histopathological and chromatographic analysis
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
Raghda Elsherif, Nora Z. Abdellah, Ola A. Hussein, Eman S. Shaltout
The present results revealed the presence of Phenol-d5, 5-(2 propenyl)-2(5 H)-Thiophenone, and 4,5-Dimethyl-2-hydroxy benzophenone in the analyzed e-liquid. In agreement with the present results, phenols were reported to be present in nine of the 21 samples tested e-liquid samples. It is well known that phenols can be made by heating polyphenols found in tobacco plants.24,25 In addition to nicotine, phenol, vanillin, and aldehydes, the analyzed e-liquid in the present study was shown to contain a pyrethroid insecticide (Lambda-cyhalothrin). It was previously reported that cigarettes made from flue-cured tobacco contain varying quantities of pyrethroids.26 Beauval and Antherieu27 tested e-liquid samples for 50 different pesticides. Only the organophosphate “chlorpyrifos ethyl” and the herbicide “trifluralin” were detected in some samples.
Click chemistry approaches for developing carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and their applications
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Andrea Angeli, Claudiu T. Supuran
The development of PAL probes targeting CAs were investigated by Poulsen’s group in 2017, by incorporating a wide selection of primary sulphonamides possessing different structural features, a linker group as well as linear and branched arrangements of the probe components for selective detection of hCA II67. The design of these molecules has been done by taking into account hydrophilic linkers such as ethylene glycol to counterbalance the hydrophobicity of the benzophenone moiety (UV reactive moiety) and its scarce water solubility. The two different classes of designed probes, the linear (35) or branched (37) one, were synthesised in two different ways. The linear PAL probes were synthesised through sequential amide coupling reactions starting from the 4,4′-diaminobenzophenone scaffold (34). On the other hand, the branched PAL probes were synthesised from a Boc-L-propargylglycine (36) with a panel of different amino benzenesulfonamides as outlined in Scheme 11.
Effects of crosslink density in zwitterionic hydrogel coatings on their antifouling performance and susceptibility to silt uptake
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Julian Koc, Eric Schönemann, Robin Wanka, Nick Aldred, Anthony S. Clare, Harrison Gardner, Geoffrey W. Swain, Kelli Hunsucker, Andre Laschewsky, Axel Rosenhahn
Also, in the literature, contrasting trends have been occasionally reported. While Imbesi et al. (2012) observed higher fouling release of sporelings on hyperbranched fluoropolymers with a lower degree of poly(ethylene glycol) crosslinking, a higher removal of barnacle cyprids was found on more crosslinked coatings. Similar to this study, Yoshikawa et al. (2019) varied the benzophenone ratio in a 2-hydroxylpropylacrylamide-coating. While they did not note an impact on the protein and Escherichia coli (E. coli) adsorption, human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells were found to adhere on more crosslinked coatings . Furthermore, the influence of the crosslinker content in antifouling films against barnacle cyprids was previously explored by Wang and Wei 2016) for the case of surface-grafted polyzwitterion brushes. Unfortunately, increasing crosslinker contents provoked simultaneously a strong increase of the protective film thickness, so that the observations are not conclusive concerning the causal relationships resulting in effective fouling resistance. The contrasting results indicate that the influence of the optimum crosslink density depends on the foulant species and can vary in different applications.
Related Knowledge Centers
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- Photoinitiator
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- Ultraviolet
- Building Block
- Diphenylmethane
- Diphenyldichloromethane