Integrative hyperthermia treatments for different types of cancer
Clifford L. K. Pang, Kaiman Lee in Hyperthermia in Oncology, 2015
Prostate cells without androgen stimulations will undergo apoptosis. Any treatment of androgen activity inhibition may be referred to as androgen deprivation therapy. Deprivation of androgen is primarily through the following strategies: (1) inhibition of testosterone secretion: surgical castration or medical castration (luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone analogs [LHRH-A]). (2) Block combination of androgen with receptor: application of antiandrogen drugs competitively closes the combination of androgen and prostate cells androgen receptor. The combination of the two can achieve the purpose of maximum androgen blockage. Other strategies include inhibition of adrenal gland source androgen synthesis as well as inhibition of the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, and so on. Endocrine therapy aims to reduce the concentration of androgen in the body, inhibit adrenal gland source androgen synthesis, inhibit the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, and block the combination of androgen with its receptor so as to suppress or control prostate cancer cell growth. Endocrine therapy methods include the following: castration, maximum androgen blockage, intermittent hormonal therapy, neoadjuvant endocrine therapy before radical treatment, and adjuvant endocrine therapy.
Exercise testing in breast and prostate cancer
R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms in Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume II – Exercise and Clinical Testing, 2022
Men with locally advanced and metastatic disease are routinely treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). The physical side effects of ADT include reduced bone mineral density, with evidence of osteopenia and osteoporosis (Berruti et al., 2002), and a decrease in skeletal muscle mass (Smith et al., 2012) which can be examined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Furthermore, adverse effects of ADT on body composition, and particularly body fat accumulation and increased abdominal obesity (Braga-Basaria et al., 2006), could underpin reported associations with metabolic syndrome (Braga-Basaria et al., 2006) and increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity (Saigal et al., 2007). There is also evidence of reduced muscular strength and self-reported physical functioning (Gonzalez et al., 2016) and low cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in men receiving ADT, with the latter equating to the 10th–15th percentile of age-matched healthy controls (Wall et al., 2014). Refer to Table 5.6.1 for an overview of physiological and functional fitness tests which take into consideration these common prostate cancer-specific impairments and functional limitations.
Urology
Kristen Davies, Shadaba Ahmed in Core Conditions for Medical and Surgical Finals, 2020
Management is palliative with the hope of long-term control of the cancer/symptoms. Androgen deprivation therapy, usually with an LHRH agonist (e.g. goserelin [Zoladex], see box) or antagonist (e.g. degarelix). Bilateral orchidectomy is a surgical optionPatients who are fit enough can have chemotherapy (e.g. docetaxel) or abiraterone (which blocks tumour production of testosterone) along with androgen deprivation therapy
Clinically feasible and prospective immunotherapeutic interventions in multidirectional comprehensive treatment of cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Victor I. Seledtsov, Alexei von Delwig
Anti-hormonal strategies with a profound impact on cancer in clinical settings are based on using drugs that suppress hormonal proliferative signals, such as anti-androgen anti-estrogen therapies for prostate and breast cancer, respectively. Androgen-deprivation therapy is a current standard of care, which aims to remove circulating androgens that drive prostate cancer growth. Indeed, androgens possess immunosuppressive properties, thus laying a foundation for an anti-androgen therapy-mediated stimulation of anti-tumor immune reactivity. Consistent with this notion, combinations of anti-androgen therapy with checkpoint molecule inhibition have shown moderate success in prostate cancer treatment. When combined with anti-androgen therapy, vaccine-based approaches also exhibited detectable immunological and clinical efficiency [142]. Anti-estrogen therapy combined with cytotoxic anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) Abs (a common breast cancer treatment) was shown to stimulate anti-tumor immune responses and improved pathologic response rates in patients with HER2pos/ERpos early breast cancer [44]. An addition of anti-estrogen therapy to anti-HER2 dendritic cell vaccination improved regional nodal immune responses and pathologic complete response rates in patients with HER2pos breast cancer [143]. Different immune-based interventions in combination with anti-hormone therapy are currently investigated in clinical studies.
Abiraterone is effective and should be considered for the treatment of metastatic castrate-naïve prostate cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2018
Jacob M. Elkon, Ralph L. Millett, Kristin F. Millado, Jianqing Lin
De novo metastatic castrate-naive prostate cancer (mCNPC) accounts for approximately 3% of all new prostate-cancer diagnoses in the United States. The incidence could be higher in the next few years with the recent decline of prostate-cancer screening. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) via medical and surgical castration has been the standard to treat this advanced state of disease for symptomatic relief and overall survival. Unfortunately, almost all patients will inevitably progress to a castrate resistant state and subsequent treatments are needed. It is clear that cancer cells can survive and develop resistance while under the pressure of castration level of testosterone [1]. Huge efforts have been put into the understanding of resistance mechanisms and into the hunt for regimens that can prevent disease progression to its deadliest phase.
The Prognostic Significance of EIF3C Gene during the Tumorigenesis of Prostate Cancer
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2019
Jianxin Hu, Heng Luo, Yuangao Xu, Guangheng Luo, Shuxiong Xu, Jianguo Zhu, Dalong Song, Zhaolin Sun, Youlin Kuang
Prostate cancer (PCa) is an androgen-dependent malignant disease and a leading cause of death for men aging from 40 to 70 years old (1–3). Androgen deprivation therapy (ART) by surgical or biochemical castration is the standard treatment for relapsed or metastatic PCa patients and does improve the prognosis to certain extent. But nearly all PCa patients will progress into the lethal, castration-resistant stage (CRPC) at last (1). What is worse, the newly available anti-androgen such as enzalutamide and CYP17 inhibitors could just bring a little benefit for PCa patients (4, 5). The estimated number of patients diagnosed with PCa was 161,360 while the estimated death was 26,730 in 2017 in USA (6). In another word, the incidence rate for PCa patients ranks the first among the top ten cancers and the death rate is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths for men. So there is no time left to develop new therapeutics for PCa patients.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Antiandrogen
- Chemical Castration
- Surgery
- Testosterone
- Androgen
- Prostate Cancer
- Antihormone Therapy
- Medication
- Androgen Deprivation-Induced Senescence
- Radiation Therapy