Gestational diabetes mellitus
Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos in New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
Among the proteins secreted by the adipocytes, adiponectin and leptin are those whose alteration during the first trimester may be predictive of GDM. Adiponectin enhances insulin sensitivity and is inversely associated with obesity and diabetes risk. Low levels of adiponectin in the first trimester are a good predictor of subsequent GDM (55), improving slightly the predictive model combined to clinical risk factors (56). An adiponectin level <6.4 mg/mL was associated with a 4.6 risk of GDM and had a sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 67% as a single screening tool (57). Leptin is expressed also by the placenta and promotes peripherally the effects of insulin. An increased level in early pregnancy should predict an increased risk of GDM later in gestation, but the results are very controversial (58).
New Understanding of the Nature and Causes of Major Depression
Scott Mendelson in Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Visceral adipocytes manage food intake, energy, and metabolic state through the production and release of various cytokines. Among these cytokines are adiponectin and leptin. Adiponectin enhances sensitivity to insulin, reduces inflammation,75and has antidepressant effects.76 Serum levels of adiponectin are low in viscerally obese subjects with Metabolic Syndrome. Leptin also enhances sensitivity to insulin and has antidepressant effects. Leptin levels are often high in Metabolic Syndrome. However, as with insulin, sufferers of Metabolic Syndrome become resistant to leptin.77 Visceral adipocytes also release the inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, and others. Adipocytes too full of fat do not oxygenate well, experience oxidative stress, and serve sources of inflammation. Migration of activated macrophages into inflamed adipose tissue adds further to the inflammatory milieu.78
Digestive and Metabolic Actions of Dopamine
Nira Ben-Jonathan in Dopamine, 2020
In addition to inhibiting PRL release, DA altered the release of leptin, adiponectin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) from human adipocytes [80]. Leptin, whose production is proportional to adipose tissue mass, plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine and immune functions and in glucose, lipid and bone metabolism. Leptin administration to humans reduces appetite, while chronic leptin deficiency causes extreme obesity. Adiponectin protects against metabolic syndrome by virtue of its insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherogenic activities. IL-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with the low level of inflammation that accompanies obesity. High serum IL-6 levels increase the production of C-reactive protein and can lead to coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis.
Circulating adiponectin as a biomarker in renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Biomarkers, 2019
Ning Yi Yap, Foo Ngan Yap, Komathi Perumal, Retnagowri Rajandram
Adiponectin is an adipokine secreted by the adipose tissue, and it functions as a hormone which modulates glucose and lipid metabolism. It is mainly found in the plasma and has an insulin sensitizing effect, by increasing glucose uptake in muscles while reducing liver glucose production and fat accumulation (Dalamaga et al.2012). Metabolic imbalance may lead to excess weight gain and obesity, which can cause insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and abnormal levels of adipokines, including adiponectin (Dalamaga et al.2012, Izadi et al.2013). Low circulating adiponectin levels or hypoadeponectinemia is associated with obesity and obesity related diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease (Dalamaga et al.2012, Izadi et al.2013).
Physiological role of adiponectin in different tissues: a review
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2020
S. Esmaili, M. Hemmati, M. Karamian
Adipose tissue, as a secreting organ, contains active compounds. Adipose tissue secretes various compounds, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), leptin, resistin, adiponectin, and a few other adipocytokines (Ailhaud et al. 1992, Ailhaud 2006, Cawthorn and Sethi 2008). Adiponectin or apM1 has 244 amino acids that make up 0.01% of the total plasma proteins with several isoforms in the circulatory system. This includes trimer adiponectin with low molecular weight (LMW), hexamer and adiponectin with high molecular weight (HMW) (Pajvani et al. 2003, Koerner et al. 2005, Nedvidkova et al. 2005, Daniele et al. 2008, Fasshauer and Blüher 2015). Adiponectin has cardio-protective features, which include anti-atherogenic, antidiabetic (Nedvidkova et al. 2005, Wiwanitkit 2008), anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis features (Yamamoto et al. 2005, Ouchi and Walsh 2007, Hemmati et al. 2015d). A low level of adiponectin is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and high risk of cardiovascular disease (Wang and Scherer 2008, Karastergiou et al. 2009, Li et al. 2009, Matsuzawa 2010). Adiponectin also plays an important role in the regulation of glucose and fatty acid metabolism (Hemmati et al. 2015c). Adiponectin has two receptors, adipoR1 and adipoR2, that are pass membrane proteins; they pass through cell membranes seven times. They are connected to different isoforms of adiponectin with different tendencies (Yamauchi et al. 2003, Yamauchi and Kadowaki 2013).
Arsenic: an emerging role in adipose tissue dysfunction and muscle toxicity
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Kaviyarasi Renu, Aditi Panda, Balachandar Vellingiri, Alex George, Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
The bioactive protein is produced by the adipose tissue is known as adipokines. These adipokines would come under the hormones and cytokines which are involved in the process of inflammation, generated by adipose tissue. The adipokines involved in the metabolism of glucose and lipid are primarily leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, and resistin (Ali et al.2013, Fantuzzi 2014). This leptin plays an important role in decreasing appetite and augmenting the oxidation of fatty acids. During exercise or fasting condition attenuates the leptin level in serum before mass reduction of adipose tissue (Ali et al.2013, Fantuzzi 2014). The other study shows that arsenic exposure during the gestational period would increase the expression of leptin levels in the serum (Ahmed et al.2011) and leads to insulin resistance in muscles. Adiponectin plays an important role in process of obesity and insulin sensitivity. The deregulation of adiponectin levels leads to insulin resistance in muscles. Exposure to arsenic attenuates the level of adiponectin leads to insulin resistance in muscle (Klei et al.2013).
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