Men With Co-occurring Disorders
Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski, Tara G. Matthews in Co-occurring Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders, 2022
Treatment for male survivors of trauma can be guided by most evidence-based practices for addressing traumatic experiences and subsequent symptoms of PTSD. Treatment approaches like cognitive processing therapy, prolonged exposure, cognitive behavioral therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing can be effective approaches to addressing trauma. Animal-assisted therapies continue to demonstrate efficacy in the treatment of trauma and are explored later in this text. One aspect to consider is gender-specific group treatment for male survivors of trauma. Røberg et al. (2018) conducted a study that found that men may benefit from gender-specific groups with regard to stabilizing symptoms of trauma. Ultimately, best practice in addressing trauma involves consulting directly with the client on his preference for modality of treatment that aligns with unique needs and preferences.
Asylum-seeking and refugee children: a challenge to our beliefs and systems
Panos Vostanis in Helping Children and Young People Who Experience Trauma, 2021
This has been widely studied in the last 2 decades, following earlier observations on war veterans, before establishing its links with different types of natural and human-induced traumatic events. PTSD symptoms include re-experiencing the trauma through flashbacks, nightmares, upsetting memories and other reminders; avoidance of places or thoughts related to the trauma, emotional ‘numbing’ and detachment; and arousal by lack of concentration, irritability or angry outbursts, becoming easily startled, inability to sleep or conversely lethargy. Despite this wealth of research activity in many countries and the emerging positive knowledge on effective interventions, some scepticism remains on whether PTSD is a ‘disorder’ rather than a normalised response to trauma. This is a healthy debate, which should avoid simplistic interpretations, as PTSD reactions vary in their severity and duration, and often co-present with other mental health problems such as depression.
The Downside of Sports Injury
Adam Gledhill, Dale Forsdyke in The Psychology of Sports Injury, 2021
Symptomology of PTSD can occur at any time, but particularly during situations similar to the original injury-inciting event (Bateman & Morgan, 2019). Trauma-related symptoms include avoiding physical and psychological reminders of the injury, re-experiencing symptoms (e.g. nightmares, flashbacks, intrusive thoughts), dissociation and irritability (Reardon et al., 2019). Trauma-related complaints may also include poorer rehabilitation progress, decreased sport performance and somatic complaints without any evident injury/re-injury (e.g. Gledhill, 2016; Reardon et al., 2019; Wenzel & Zhu, 2013). Poorer rehabilitation progress may be influenced by poorer immune functioning that can slow the healing process or as a result of the injured athletes' reluctance to engage with their rehabilitation activities fully (Aron et al., 2019). Finally, trauma-related complaints may contribute to athletes adopting maladaptive health behaviours such as substance misuse and disordered eating (Reardon et al., 2019; Wenzel & Zhu, 2013).
Racial trauma as a risk factor for risky alcohol use in diverse college students
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Veronica E. Johnson, Kobi Chng, Kellie Courtney
Broadly, trauma is defined as psychological, emotional, and behavioral responses that can result from severely stressful experiences that overwhelm a person’s ability to cope effectively.7 Within the general (non-race related) trauma literature, a consistent comorbid relationship between trauma (e.g., PTSD) and risky or problematic drinking has been found across decades of research.8,9 Evidence for the relationship between stress, trauma, and alcohol use has even been found among populations with a relatively low incidence of alcohol use disorders, specifically college students.10–14 Theoretical perspectives, such as the self-medication hypothesis and tension-reduction model of substance use,15–17 and their resulting empirical findings show that exposure to stressors elicits emotional pain and discomfort that substances, particularly alcohol, can be used to ameliorate.18–23
“We remember the pain”: a qualitative study of intergenerational trauma among older adults experiencing homelessness in the HOPE HOME study
Published in Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness, 2022
Anita S. Hargrave, Cheyenne M. Garcia, Marguerita Lightfoot, Margaret A. Handley, John Weeks, Pamela Olsen, Kelly R. Knight, Margot B. Kushel
Trauma can occur at the individual (e.g. sexual, physical or emotional violence) or collective level (e.g. slavery, colonization, or war) (Heart, 2003); it can be experienced through direct or bystander exposure to traumatic events, repeated exposure to details of traumatic events or learning that traumatic events occurred to close family members (American Psychiatric Association and American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The mechanisms by which trauma is “transmitted” across generations are thought to occur via biological or epigenetic pathways (Yehuda & Lehrner, 2018), family dynamics or coping behaviors (Bombay et al., 2009), and cultural or societal contexts (Bryant-Davis et al., 2017). Intergenerational trauma has been associated with adverse health outcomes, socioeconomic hardship and homelessness (Bombay et al., 2009; Menzies, 2009).
Understanding the relationship between traumatic suffering, posttraumatic growth, and prosocial variables
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2021
Renée El-Gabalawy, Corey S. Mackenzie, Katherine B. Starzyk, Jordana L. Sommer
Experiencing trauma is a common occurrence and includes a wide range of events such as the unexpected or sudden death of a loved one, assault, war, or natural disaster. Population-based research indicates that over 80% of American adults experience at least one traumatic event at some point in their lifetimes.1 According to various theories (e.g., shattered assumptions theory2; terror management theory3), the experience of trauma is thought to trigger examination of our assumptions and beliefs about the world (e.g., that it is a just and safe place), either in attempts to make sense of the trauma, or as a defense against the salience of personal mortality.4 This process can lead to several outcomes, including the experience of distress, psychopathology, and/or positive outcomes including posttraumatic growth (PTG). PTG theory reflects a positive change people experience that is associated with a major life struggle.5 Although a large proportion of PTG literature focuses on events that can be categorized as traumatic, there have also been a wide range of studies examining PTG following more normative stressful life events (e.g., problems in a romantic relationship, moving away, relationship problems with a friend).6,7
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