The Role of Natural Products in COVID-19
Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga in The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
It belongs to the family Ranunculaceae and also known as black cumin/black seed. It is known to have antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-cancerous activities. It has also been suggested as probable herbal care and treatment for SARS COVID-19 sickness [143]. In COVID-19 immune system is over-activated, also called “cytokine storm.” During this process a huge number of cytokines and chemokines are produced, which causes an increased production of micro-thrombus. This leads to multiple organ failure. This hyper activated immune cell response during COVID-19 infection is considered as the main reason for the complexity of patients and ultimately their death. It has been, therefore, suggested by the number of researchers and medical experts that aggressive immunomodulatory treatment at the start of COVID-19 infection an increase the survival percentage and probability of the patient [144, 145].
Withdrawal of treatment in the critical care unit
Karen Holland in Anthropology of Nursing, 2019
The scene setting – despite maximum medical therapy and technological supportive therapy for multiple organ failure, the patient’s condition has steadily deteriorated rather than improving, and has not responded to the supportive therapy administered. The secretary explains that each patient’s vital signs are apparent on the central computer at the nurses’ station. I am impressed by her knowledge and insight as she explains what each continuous tracing and value signifies and appears to have insight as to what is normal and what is abnormal. These rows of luminous green numerical values and tracings for each patient cascade across the monitor screen highlighting a life which exists beyond this myriad of wires, tubes and machinery attached to the patient. The identical tracings and values are reflected on the monitor above the patient’s bed space.
Cardiovascular responses in pathological situations
Neil Herring, David J. Paterson in Levick's Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology, 2018
Decompensated shock can damage the kidneys, heart and other organs. Ischaemic damage to the renal tubules, called acute tubular necrosis, can cause acute renal failure, so urine output is monitored closely. In patients with pre-existing ischaemic heart disease, myocardial infarction can be precipitated by the reduced coronary pressure and increased blood coagulability. The latter can create numerous microthrombi in small vessels, which further impairs tissue perfusion. Acute cardiac failure may develop even without pre-existing coronary disease due to of the low perfusion pressure, microthrombi and white cell adhesion in microvessels. The condition can progress to multiple organ failure in severe cases.
ROS-mediated inflammatory response in liver damage via regulating the Nrf2/HO-1/NLRP3 pathway in mice with trichloroethylene hypersensitivity syndrome
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2022
Feng Wang, Yiting Hong, Wei Jiang, Yican Wang, Muyue Chen, Dandan Zang, Qixing Zhu
Multiple organ failure, especially that of the liver, is a common reason for death among THS patients. Laboratory tests confirm that most THS patients often present with elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, as well as of total bilirubin (TBIL) and total bile acid (TBA) (Jung et al. 2012). Ultrasonography often reveals abnormal echoes in the liver, hepatomegaly, and thickening of the gall bladder in THS patients (Pantucharoensri et al. 2004; Xu et al. 2009). In addition, animal studies have evaluated these induced liver histopathological changes in more detail, and have demonstrated increased incidences of cellular swelling, vacuolar degeneration, and inflammatory cell infiltration (Wang et al. 2015). It is thus clear that both the structure and function of the liver are compromised during TCE sensitization. Unfortunately, the complex mechanisms underlying all of these changes during THS still remain largely undefined.
COVID-19 and the Eye: Ocular Manifestations, Treatment and Protection Measures
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Arif Ülkü Yener
The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a public health emergency and a pandemic. Chronic systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiac or renal problems are risk factors for mortality in adult inpatients with COVID-19.6 Symptoms and the number of involved organs vary depending on the patient’s age and severity of the disease. However, fever, cough, fatigue, sore throat, headache, diarrhea, loss of smell and taste are common clinical manifestations, and in severe cases, the disease may cause multiple organ failure and even death.7 There are seven species of coronavirus known to cause infection in humans: 229E (alpha), NL63 (alpha), OC43 (beta), HKU1 (beta), SARS (beta), MERS (beta) and COVID-19 (beta).8 Since they have a lipid membrane surrounding their capsid (RNA), all coronaviruses are enveloped viruses. The protein protrudes from the lipid envelope and gives the image of corona surrounding the virus. Coronaviruses contain four proteins; spike, nucleocapsid, membrane, and envelope. The virus is composed of nucleocapsid, membrane and envelope proteins, while the spike protein binds to host cells via human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors.9
Use of antibiotics in acute pancreatitis: ten major concerns
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2020
Vasiliki Soulountsi, Theodoros Schizodimos
If sample gram stain and culture is positive, it is necessary to start ABs. The efficacy of conservative treatment in IPN was evaluated in a recent systematic review and meta-analysis [69]. It was found that conservative management was successful for 64% of patients, additional surgery was required for 26% of patients and the overall mortality rate was 12%. According to the latest consensus [67], AB therapy alone could be administered in selected patients with IPN provided that they are clinically stable, minimally symptomatic and strictly monitored for clinical deterioration. In addition, proven IPN can be managed with ABs and supportive care until the necrotic collections can partially liquefy, wall-off, as this approach allows safer, more organ-preserving and more effective interventions [67]. Finally, asymptomatic walled off necrosis does not mandate intervention regardless of the size and extension of the collection, and may resolve spontaneously over time, even in rare cases of IPN. In case the patient is clinically unstable and develops multiple organ failure, surgical intervention is required.