All Together Now
R. Andrew Chambers in The 2 × 4 Model, 2017
The overarching goal of the 2 × 4 Model clinic is to provide the highest standard of longitudinal evidence-based care for patients with any major mental illness in combination with any addictions, by one treatment team, under one roof. A central operational attribute of the 2 × 4 Model is the way that it binds together Diagnostics, Psychotherapies, Medications, and Communications into one integrated whole. Alcohol and opioid intoxication can impair cognition and consciousness, while their withdrawal states can produce severe anxiety, insomnia, and psychosis. Accordingly, pharmacological interventions that reduce the severity of intoxication and, more commonly, withdrawal states are relevant to interdicting the capacity of addiction to worsen mental illnesses. Experiencing psychiatric symptoms and then adopting the drug use rationalization that the self-medication hypothesis provides is a common dynamic that can fuel and propagate drug relapses. The 2 × 4 Model clinic should develop its own procedure for taking new and returning patients into the clinic.
Preventive Medicine and the Welfare of the Population
Heta Häyry in Individual Liberty and Medical Control, 2018
Preventive measures which influence the population as a whole even more clearly than vaccinations and quarantines do, include the installation of plumbing and the fluoridation of drinking water. In addition to face-to-face clinical paternalism and public health education, the populations of industrialized societies are also subject to more delicate and far more extensive forms of possibly paternalistic intervention. These include, laws regulating dangerous behaviour in everyday life, regulations concerning the manufacture, advertising, sale and consumption of drugs and intoxicating substances, and preventive medical and sociopolitical measures such as quarantines, vaccinations and plumbing. Prescription drug laws are extremely important and useful to physicians, who through the power of the legal system are given the monopoly to control what drugs people use and when. As regards laws regulating dangerous everyday behaviour, there are two examples which have often dominated philosophical discussions on the topic, namely driving a car without using a seat belt and riding a motorcycle without wearing a crash helmet.
Automatism
John Rumbold in Automatism as a Defence in Criminal Law, 2018
Automatism is the defence of the person who was not a moral agent; who was effectively an automaton at the time of the illegal act. The defence of automatism has attracted controversy and press attention at times. The press has reported with frank disbelief the actions of defendants attributed to sleepwalking. The relevant case law does indicate that sleepwalking and therefore sexsomnia should be treated as an insane automatism. Many of the reported sexsomnia cases involve alcohol in circumstances where simple intoxication is far more likely than parasomnia. In some cases, the issue is that doctors who do not specialize in the relevant areas have commented on cases. The legal defences that can be argued when the defendant has suffered an episode of medicolegal automatism are: lack of the requisite actus reus , lack of the requisite mens rea and insanity.
Spirituality, Intoxication and Addiction: Six Forms of Relationship
Published in Substance Use & Misuse, 2013
The paper considers six connections between spirituality and intoxication or addiction. They are: intoxication as a means of communication with a spiritual world; intoxication as destroying spirituality; shared use and intoxication as creating and validating community; spirituality and religion as a means of collective sobering-up; spirituality in individual sobering up; and abstinence as a spiritual practice, a witness, or a badge of membership in a spiritual community. Intoxication can either enhance or impede spirituality, both at individual and collective levels. Spirituality is often important in sobering up, both individually and collectively, and abstinence is a part of spiritual or religious practice in some traditions. But a full account must acknowledge the diversity in the interactions of spirituality and intoxication or addiction.
Alcohol intoxication among cannabis users in a school-based adolescent sample
Published in Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 2019
Trond Nordfjaern, Jo Arild Salthammer
The aim of this study was to investigate whether alcohol intoxication is associated with cannabis use among Norwegian adolescents. The current study was based on a sub-set of data from the Norwegian Ungdata survey. A total of 28,953 adolescents from 33 municipalities responded to an illicit drug use module (response rate 77%). Results showed that a high frequency of alcohol intoxication in the past year was associated with use of cannabis as the sole illicit drug in the past year. The findings further reflected that a high frequency of alcohol intoxication in the past year was strongly associated with the frequency of cannabis use in the same period. Those who solely had used cannabis shared more characteristics with users of additional illicit drugs than with non-illicit drug users. Frequent alcohol intoxication seems to be associated with increased risk of frequent cannabis use. Early interventions could benefit from focussing on these drugs in tandem.
Queer youth, intoxication and queer drinking spaces
Published in Journal of Youth Studies, 2019
G. Hunt, T. Antin, E. Sanders, M. Sisneros
Research on intoxicating substances and gender has developed considerably in the last 30 years, especially in the social sciences as feminist scholars highlighted the contradictory discourses about young women’s intoxication. Nevertheless, there still remain significant gaps if we are to fully understand the role and meaning of intoxication for all young people and not merely for heterosexual, cisgender young people. As a way of exploring the possible limitations of this legacy, we will examine the qualitative data from 52 in-depth interviews with self-identified LGBTQ young people. Our analysis explores the relationships between meanings of intoxication and sexual and gender identities, drinking spaces, and the extent to which notions of masculinity and femininity influence alcohol consumption and drinking practices among LGBTQ youth. As gender expressions among young people, especially those who identify as LGBTQ, become increasingly nuanced and fluid, understanding the role of social and cultural practices of alcohol consumption in the performance of sexual and gender identities may increase our understanding of the ways in which sexuality and gender influence alcohol consumption.
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