Effect of Dehydration on Muscle Strength, Power, and Performance in Intermittent High-Intensity Sports
Flavia Meyer, Zbigniew Szygula, Boguslaw Wilk in Fluid Balance, Hydration, and Athletic Performance, 2016
In order to facilitate an understanding of the relationships between hydration status and performance-related parameters, let us begin by defining some key terms. Exercise will be operationally defined within the context of athletes engaging in intermittent high-intensity sports. Hydrate by definition is the addition of water or moisture. In the context of exercise, hydration refers to the process of adding water to the body by consuming fluid. Hydration is also a global term used to reference total body water content. Fluid balance is dynamic and fluctuates constantly, especially during exercise as physical activity stimulates many factors influencing fluid turnover (addition through drinking and subtraction through sweat, exhalation, and urine) (Burke and Hawley 1997; Godek et al. 2005). To best characterize the various hydration states, Figure 8.1 visually depicts commonly used terms.
Body Composition in Perspective
Henry C. Lukaski in Body Composition, 2017
Hydration is a complex physiological condition that includes total body water, its distribution, and the concentration of the major electrolytes (osmolality). It may be classified as under- or hypohydration, normal or euhydration, and over- or hyperhydration. The simplicity of these designations belies the controversy in establishing the criterion biological indicators and threshold values to classify the hydration status of an individual (Maughan 2012). There is no universally accepted standard for classification of hypohydration or dehydration (Cheuvront et al. 2010). Reduction in body weight is a noninvasive, commonly used indicator whereas plasma or serum osmolality, saliva osmolality, and various urine parameters are more invasive and should be obtained under controlled conditions (Cheuvront and Kenefick 2014). Weight loss exceeding 2.5% is one indicator of hypohydration because it reflects a 3% deficit in body water that equates to significant reductions in plasma volume and increases in plasma osmolality levels (Sawka et al. 2015). Such water deficits and alterations in electrolyte concentrations are associated with impaired aerobic, strength, and power performances that are exacerbated in a hot environment (Cheuvront and Kenefick 2014).
An Overview on the Beneficial Effects of Hydration
Datta Sourya, Debasis Bagchi in Extreme and Rare Sports, 2019
A human body contains approximately 60% or greater water, the largest constituent of the human body. Water/hydration is important for vital physiological and biochemical functions including body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure, as well as for maintaining optimal health, especially for dermal health, hair and nails. In 2004, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) announced the official recommendation related to water/hydration needs. Simultaneously, the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine established the nutrient recommendations on water, salt and potassium to maintain health and reduce chronic disease risk. It was emphasized that an adult woman should consume 2.7 L of water, while an adult man should consume 3.7 L of water per day. Approximately 80% of this water comes from drinking water and beverages, while 20% is derived from food and nutrients.
Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Complications and Prophylaxis Strategies
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2023
Aleksandra Śledzińska, Paulina Śledzińska, Marek Bebyn, Oskar Komisarek
Diet is a vital feature of dental health. Maintaining hydration involves drinking water and sugar-free liquids regularly. We encourage patients to avoid drinking very acidic beverages, especially between meals, because a continuous decrease in intraoral pH may be harmful to dental enamel (176). The most acidic ones are energy drinks, regular and diet sodas, juices, and sports drinks (177). Maintaining a stable neutral pH in the oral cavity is essential since this serves to prevent tooth demineralization (178). Patients should avoid “sticky” processed foods (caramels, taffy, etc.) that are rich in sugar that is difficult to remove (130,179). If patients consume a sugary beverage, they should do it in one sitting (over several minutes) rather than sipping it throughout the day. Such an approach aims to prevent repeated exposure of the teeth to sugar and decrease dental pH with each exposure. Moreover, it is advised to use a straw and avoid atypical drinking behaviors such as sipping, swishing, or holding acidic beverages in the vestibule (180).
Seeking better topical delivery technologies of moisturizing agents for enhanced skin moisturization
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2018
Hyeongmin Kim, Jeong Tae Kim, Sonia Barua, Seung-Yup Yoo, Seong-Chul Hong, Kyung Bin Lee, Jaehwi Lee
Along with understanding the mechanism of skin moisturization, moisturizer-incorporated pharmaceutical formulations have been extensively investigated to maintain the moisture balance of the SC and to improve the ability of the skin to attract, hold, and redistribute water molecules. The formulations mainly improve the skin hydration status in two ways: (a) by forming an occlusive thin film on the skin surface which controls the rate of water evaporation from the skin and (b) by transporting hygroscopic substances capable of binding and retaining water into the SC [5]. Unfortunately, the complex structure of the skin barrier limits the delivery of moisturizing agents into deep epidermis [6]. Different types of vehicles and formulations have been explored for efficient delivery of moisturizing agents to the skin, as shown in Figure 2. In particular, colloidal delivery systems have attracted considerable great attention, such as micro- and nanoemulsions, vesicle-based systems, and lipid- and polymer-based particulate systems because of the excellent delivery efficiency of moisturizing agents to the skin [7]. Furthermore, molecular interactions between the formulation components and SC structures have recently been studied to develop safe and efficacious skin care products [7,8].
‘Drink clean, safe water and/or other fluids through-out the day even if you do not feel thirsty’: a food-based dietary guideline for the elderly in South Africa
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2021
Upasana Mukherjee, Carin Napier, Wilna Oldewage-Theron
Water is a vital nutrient of the body as it has multifaceted functions like transportation of both nutrients and body waste, temperature regulation and maintaining tissue structures. It is the only nutrient that supports the structure and function of all the cells of the body.1 Water is a key factor for many biochemical reactions of the body where it acts either actively or passively. Water assists with the digestion and assimilation of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins and fats) into the tissues and is essential for the energy-producing mechanisms of the body. Even where water does not have a direct role in the reaction, it acts as a medium for the reactions to occur in the body; for example, during the process of digestion, protein-splitting enzymes mix with complex food molecules in an aqueous environment of the gut. Water also maintains the blood volume and circulation of all nutrients from organ to organ. Therefore, all vital systems and organs depend on an adequate hydration status to function properly. Another function of water is maintaining the core body temperature by uniformly distributing the heat in the body, and through sweating (evaporation and cooling the body surface). Water is the base component for all body fluids and lubricants like saliva, mucus and fluids in the joints. Furthermore, water acts as a shock absorber and protects vital organs from damage.11,12
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