Cancer and exercise
Adam P. Sharples, James P. Morton, Henning Wackerhage in Molecular Exercise Physiology, 2022
As discussed earlier, there are numerous treatment modalities for different cancers. Some of these treatment options have the potential to interfere with muscle mass and adaptation to exercise training. For instance, cisplatin, a chemotherapy drug used in different cancers (e.g. testicular cancers and lung cancer), may increase muscle protein breakdown through increased activity in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (103). Radiation therapy may interfere (locally) with the available pool of satellite cells (104). Moreover, androgen deprivation therapy may lead to decreased muscle protein synthesis at rest (105) and is known to induce loss of muscle mass (106). Glucocorticoids are also used under different settings in cancer care, for example in managing side-effects such as pain and nausea and as a part of treatment for lymphoid cancers (107, 108). Glucocorticoids increases the expression of a protein regulated in development and DNA responses-1 (REDD1), which is a potent inhibitor of mTOR (109), and activates the UPS and results in increases in MAFbx and MuRF-1 mRNA, leading to reduced protein synthesis, increased protein breakdown and ultimately muscle atrophy with concurrent skeletal muscle atrophy (110, 111) (see Chapter 7 and 8). As a result, dose-dependent rates of muscle mass loss have been reported during glucocorticoid treatment (112).
Use of Dermatologics during Pregnancy
“Bert” Bertis Britt Little in Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Hydrocortisone, another glucocorticoid, is the main steroid produced by the adrenal glands. The frequency of congenital anomalies was not increased among infants whose mothers took hydrocortisone during early pregnancy, including the first trimester (Heinonen et al., 1977). As with prednisone/prednisolone, an increased frequency of cleft palate was found among the offspring of experimental animals whose mothers were given hydrocortisone during embryogenesis (Chaudhry and Shah, 1973; Harris et al., 1980). This is similar to experimental findings with other glucocorticoids. It is possible that a small risk for cleft palate in humans exists with hydrocortisone use during embryogenesis, but it is likely that the risk is small at less than 1 percent (Shepard et al., 2002).
Fibroblast-Pneumonocyte Factor
Jason Kelley in Cytokines of the Lung, 2022
Glucocorticoid acts on the lung by the classic glucocorticoid receptor mechanism (Ballard et al., 1984; Gross et al., 1983). Glucocorticoids bind to cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors (GR) that are then translocated to the nucleus, where they bind to glucocorticoid response elements, which leads to the induction or repression of gene transcription (Evans, 1988; Miesfeld, 1990). The GR gene expression in whole fetal rat lung is developmentally regulated (Sweezey et al., 1989). The GR mRNA levels are relatively low on day 18 of fetal development. On gestational day 19, there is a short-lived, dramatic enhancement of GR mRNA content, abruptly followed (days 20–22) by a return of the mRNA to levels present before day 19. Immediately after day 19, there is a gradual and sustained rise in GR-binding activity, suggesting a pretranslational stimulation of GR production. The increase in GR number in fetal rat lung is not associated with any apparent change in affinity for ligand (Ballard et al., 1984; Brönnegard and Okret, 1988). This developmentally timed enhancement of GR gene expression occurs concomitantly with a rise in plasma glucocorticoid levels (Gonzales and Ballard, 1989). This parallel rise in rat lung GR number and in the mRNA and circulating glucocorticoid levels suggests that, in the fetus, glucocorticoids do not regulate lung GR gene expression by a feedback down-regulatory mechanism. Indeed, maternal administration of glucocorticoids increases the GR mRNA level in the fetal lung (Sweezey et al., 1990).
Glucocorticoid receptors involved in ginsenoside compound K ameliorate adjuvant arthritis by inhibiting the glycolysis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes via the NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Yating Wang, Xiurong Bao, Hao Xian, Fang Wei, Yining Song, Siyu Zhao, Yujie Zhang, Yumeng Wang, Ying Wang
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that show potent anti-inflammatory actions via glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and are widely employed in clinical settings. As a transcription factor, the activated GR can activate or suppress the expression of a vast number of target genes through transactivation and transrepression, including many genes responsible for anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory responses. Although glucocorticoids have excellent anti-inflammatory properties, long-term and high-dose usage of glucocorticoids frequently result in osteoporosis and a variety of other side effects, which are mostly due to GR transactivation (Sundahl et al. 2015). In our results, radiography analysis of rat joints demonstrated that dexamethasone (Dex), a traditional glucocorticoid, reduced bone density of local joints despite being anti-inflammatory, whereas CK had both anti-inflammatory and bone-protective effects.
Vaccination and their importance for lung transplant recipients in a COVID-19 world
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Samantha Scharringa, Thijs Hoffman, Diana A. van Kessel, Ger T. Rijkers
Corticosteroids are a group of compounds that mimic the endogenous steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are divided into two classes: mineralocorticoids which regulate electrolyte and fluid homeostasis, and glucocorticoids which have anti-inflammatory properties [7]. Some of the most commonly prescribed glucocorticoids are prednisone and dexamethasone. Although dexamethasone has been found to be seven times more potent than prednisone on a weight for weight basis, it also has more side effects. Due to this fact, dexamethasone has been reserved for patients who do not respond to prednisone or whose symptoms cannot be controlled by prednisone [8]. In transplant medicine, corticosteroids are used to prevent organ rejection by starting at high doses after surgery and slowly tapering to a reach a maintenance dose.
Analysis of medication patterns for pediatric asthma patients in emergency department: Does the sequence placement of glucocorticoids administration matter?
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2021
Hoon Jang, Mustafa Ozkaynak, Claudia R. Amura, Turgay Ayer, Marion R. Sills
We used the pharmacy classification variable provided to categorize medications as asthma rescue medications and systemic glucocorticoids. Fifteen different asthma-related medicines were found in our dataset. Of these, we categorized the following as rescue medications: Albuterol, Ipratropium Bromide, Ipratropium HFA, Levalbuterol HCl, Levalbuterol Tartrate, and Ipratropium- Albuterol. We categorized the following as systemic glucocorticoids: Dexamethasone, Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate, Methyl-prednisolone, Methyl-prednisolone Acetate, Methyl-prednisolone Sodium Succinate, Prednisolone Acetate, Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate, Prednisone, and Prednisolone. We also examined the use of magnesium and terbutaline, but excluded visits with these medications due to low numbers: Only 112 visits involved magnesium and 27 received terbutaline during their ED visit. Pharmacy class, drug name, and description were coded as a string type variable; the time of medication administration, which is defined as the time elapsed since the arrival of the patient to the medication administration, was coded as a numeric variable.