Trauma and Poisoning
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Burns are also classified into three categories by the degree of tissue damage. First degree burns damage only the outer layer of the epidermis and result in erythema, increased warmth, tenderness, and pain. Second degree burns extend the damage through the epidermis and to the dermis, but not enough to interfere with tissue regeneration. Vesicles (blisters) are the hallmark of second degree burns. Third degree burns, also called fall-thickness burns, destroy both the epidermis and dermis. Because of nerve damage, pain is usually acute initially with a full-thickness burn but quickly disappears. The appearance of areas of third degree burn will vary, depending on the cause of the burn. For example, steam may cause pale tissue while flames may char it.
What Do the Heart Arteries Do When They Are Damaged? The Infinite Insults and Finite Responses in CHD
Mark C Houston in The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
In conclusion, inflammation is due to white blood cells, called T cells and B cells, that attack invaders such as bacteria, viruses, and other insults to contain, remove, and kill them. The redness, swelling, and pain that you would see on your skin after a burn, a cut, or an infection with a bacteria or other pathogen is inflammation. This same response occurs in the coronary arteries and causes CHD. Acute and chronic inflammation with abnormal vascular immune responses and involvement of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and toll-like receptors (TLR) are definitely involved in CHD (Figure 6.7). The PRR and TLR are inflammation receptors that are on the surface of all the arteries. There are numerous inflammatory compounds that can be measured in the blood that are excellent markers for CHD.
The Stomach — Both a Target and Potential Contributor in space Sickness
John Kucharczyk, David J. Stewart, Alan D. Miller in Nausea and Vomiting: Recent Research and Clinical Advances, 2017
Data on digestion have never been recorded in flight. Consequently, the results reviewed below compare post- to preflight data. During spaceflight, a sensation of fullness from the accumulation of gas in the stomach often has been reported.26 Neither pain nor severe burn have been described, however. Thornton et al.27 observed a lack of bowel sounds during flight but only in crewmembers experiencing motion sickness. Stomach motor activity was studied in two cosmonauts (pilot and commander) after eight flights of different duration (2,7,18,30,63,96,140, and 175 days). The basic electric rhythm (BER) analyzed by electromyography on the second day postflight had a general tendency to decrease. In several cases an arrhythmia was found. There were also more variations in the amplitude of the BER.
Incidence and cost of non-fatal burns in Iran: a nationwide population-based study
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2018
Abolfazl Abouie, Payman Salamati, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Soheil Saadat, Masoumeh Amin-Esmaeili, Vandad Sharifi, Ahmad Hajebi, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
Injuries are among the leading global causes of death and disability. Worldwide burden of injuries is expected to rise in the next decade (Murray et al., 2012). Burns are one of the common type of injuries, and a major public health issue, at least in terms of long-term disability and morbidity worldwide, particularly in developing countries (Heimbach, 1999). A burn is an injury to the skin or other organic tissue primarily caused by heat or due to radiation, radioactivity, electricity, friction or contact with chemicals. Thermal (heat) burns occur when some or all of the cells in the skin or other tissues are destroyed by hot liquids (scalds), hot solids (contact burns), or flames (flame burns).(3 WHO: Burns Fact sheet N°365, 2014)
Efficacy of stromal vascular fraction and enzyme-free mechanical isolation therapy in experimental full thickness burn wounds
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2023
Percin Karakol, Mehmet Bozkurt, Caner Gelbal, Mehmet Ibrahim Tuglu
Burn injuries are traumas that can happen anytime and anywhere and can affect anyone. Burn injuries can be caused by heat, cold, friction, radiation, electricity, and chemicals. However, most burn injuries are caused by heat [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that around 265,000 people worldwide die each year from burns [2]. Burn injuries cause lifelong physical and psychological injuries that affect the quality of life [3,4]. Burns is classically divided into three degrees: first-degree, affecting the superficial layer of the epidermis; second-degree, affecting the dermis; and third-degree, affecting the full-thickness skin and can even reach muscle and bone. Severe burns can affect almost all organs and cause serious morbidity and mortality. Therefore, treating serious burns is important, but the ideal treatment for severe burns has not been developed [5].
Third-degree burn mouse treatment using recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 2
Published in Growth Factors, 2020
Thu-Minh Tran-Nguyen, Khanh-Thien Le, Le-Giang Thi Nguyen, Thanh-Loan Thi Tran, Phuong-Cac Hoang-Thai, Thuoc Linh Tran, Sik-Loo Tan, Hieu Tran-Van
Burn is commonly divided into several types due to the causing agents, including thermal burn, ice burn, chemical burn, electrical burn, and radiation burn. However, thermal burn is the most popular one in human daily life. Categorically, there are four main burn degrees based on wound depth including first-, second-, third-, and fourth-degree. The first-degree burn is milder than the others as only the epidermis is damaged. This burn degree frequently is not dangerous and does not generate scar tissue because blood vessels are still intact. In contrast, second- and third-degree burns are more dangerous as the damage reaches dermis and subcutaneous tissues, respectively. Finally, fourth-degree is the most severe burn state that muscle and bone are damaged (Jeschke et al. 2020; Fagen, Shalaby-Rana, and Jackson 2015). Most necrosis and mortalities caused by burns result from second-, third-, and fourth-degree burns. The wound healing process in these cases is more complicated thus it takes a long time and often needs suitable treatments to boost the tissue repair.