Itraconazole
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Itraconazole has approval for the treatment of onychomycosis. In open-label studies, itraconazole 100–200 mg daily for approximately 3 to 6 months achieved clinical response rates of 64–80% and 60–73% in patients with dermatophyte onychomycosis of the fingernails and toenails, respectively (Hay et al., 1988; Walsoe et al., 1990). Patients with infections due to Trichophyton rubrum responded well to therapy, while failure rates were higher in patients with infections caused by Hendersonula toruloidea. An open-label dose comparison trial found itraconazole 200 mg daily to be more effective than 100 mg daily dosing, presumably due to achievement of over fivefold higher itraconazole concentrations in the nails (Willemsen et al., 1992).
Dermatophytosis
Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, John R. Perfect in Antifungal Therapy, 2019
Trichophyton rubrum is the most prevalent pathogen and most common etiologic agent in the United States for most dermatophytic infections except tinea capitis and fingernail onychomycosis. A recent epidemiological study in the United States from 1999 to 2002 reported increasing incidence of T. rubrum in onychomycosis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea manuum, and tinea pedis [6]. Trichophyton tonsurans and Candida albicans, on the other hand, were the predominant species for tinea capitis and fingernail onychomycosis, respectively. The primary etiologic agents for the various dermatophytic infections are listed in Table 15.1.
The Child with a Chronic Rash
Michael B O’Neill, Michelle Mary Mcevoy, Alf J Nicholson, Terence Stephenson, Stephanie Ryan in Diagnosing and Treating Common Problems in Paediatrics, 2017
Tinea pedis or ‘athlete’s foot’ can be acute or chronic. It is rare in prepubertal children. Exposure to a moist environment and maceration are risk factors for tinea pedis. Infection often occurs in swimming pools, public showers and changing rooms. It is most commonly caused by Trichophyton rubrum. It presents with macerated skin between the toes with scaling, which may be intensely itchy. Blistering and hyper-keratotic types can also occur.
Use of in vitro performance models in the assessment of drug delivery across the human nail for nail disorders
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2018
Marc Brown, Rob Turner, Sean Robert Wevrett
Despite only a few hundred fungal species being regarded as pathogenic to humans out of the approximate 5 million total fungal species on Earth [12,13], fungi are responsible for causing around 50% of all nail disorders [14], with onychomycosis affecting between 5% and 20% of the population in western countries [15–17]. Onychomycosis is more prevalent in elderly, immunocompromised, diabetic, obese, and sports-active individuals. The condition can be uncomfortable, painful, and also lead to permanent disfiguration of the nail [18]. Although yeasts (Candida spp.) and molds (Scytalidium spp., Scopulariopsis spp., Fusarium spp., Acremonium spp., and Onychocola canadensis) [19] are also associated with nail infections, dermatophyte infections account for 85% of reported cases of onychomycosis. Trichophyton rubrum is the most commonly responsible dermatophyte, accounting for around 90% of infections [15–17].
Hydroxypropyl chitosan nail lacquer of ciclopirox-PLGA nanocapsules for augmented in vitro nail plate absorption and onychomycosis treatment
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Eman Yahya Gaballah, Thanaa Mohammed Borg, Elham Abdelmonem Mohamed
Ciclopirox (CIX) was purchased from 2A Biotech (Lisle, Illinois, USA). Acid terminated poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) polymers (50:50 grade 5002 A, molecular weight 17000 g/mol and 50:50 grade 5004 A, molecular weight 44000 g/mol) were kindly provided by Corbion (Gorinchem, Netherlands). Glyceryl monolinoleate (Maisine) was kindly provided by Gattefosse (Saint-Priest, France). Lipoid S75 was kindly provided by Lipoid AG (Schweiz, Switzerland). Span 60 was purchased from ITWCo. (Darmstadt, Germany). Tween 20 was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Hydroxy-propyl chitosan (HPCH) was supplied by Xi’an Imaherb Biotech CO., Ltd (Xi’an Shanxi, China). Cetostearyl alcohol was obtained from Al-Gomhoria Co. (Cairo, Egypt). Acetone, methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK). Amicon® Ultra-4 centrifugal filter units (4 mL, 10 KDa cutoff units), were purchased from Merck CO. (California, USA). Spectrapor® membrane, MW cutoff: 12,000-14,000 Da, was purchased from Spectrum Medical Industries Inc. (Los Angeles, USA). Sabouraud’s dextrose agar was purchased from Oxoid Ltd (Basingstoke, UK). Trichophyton rubrum strains were obtained from Assiut University Moubasher Mycological Center (Assiut, Egypt). All other chemicals were of fine analytical grade.
Consumer preferences of antifungal products for treatment and prevention of tinea pedis
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2019
Tinea pedis, or athlete’s foot, is a dermatophyte infection of the plantar feet and interdigital spaces, affecting 70% of the world’s population at some time (1). Risk factors for infection include direct contact with the causative organism, most commonly Trichophyton rubrum. Trauma, as well as prolonged exposure to moisture contribute to risk, and re-infection is common (2), with recurrence attributed to both re-infection and failure to eradicate the original infection (1). Additionally, tinea pedis often precedes and is an important risk factor itself for onychomycosis. Onychomycosis, when chronic and severe may be difficult to treat, with recurrence rates (relapse or re-infection) ranging from 10–53% (3), emphasizing the importance of prevention [4]. In addition, treatment of co-existing tinea pedis has been shown to increase complete cure rates of onychomycosis (5).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Dermatophyte
- Anthropophilia
- Athlete'S Foot
- Fungal Infection
- Tinea Cruris
- Dermatophytosis
- Tinea Corporis
- Tinea Capitis
- Onychomycosis
- Auxotrophy