Structure and Function of Human Skin
Marc B. Brown, Adrian C. Williams in The Art and Science of Dermal Formulation Development, 2019
For example, acne is estimated to affect 9.4% of the global population (Tan and Bhate, 2015), most commonly in post-pubescent teens, though it also persists into adulthood. Simplistically, acne occurs when hair follicles and their associated sebaceous gland are obstructed with sebum and/or dead keratinocytes. This blockage appears as a “blackhead”. When the follicular opening contains the normal skin anaerobe, Propionibacterium acnes, lipases from the bacterium can metabolise sebum triglycerides into free fatty acids, which irritate the follicular wall and form pustules, or “whiteheads”, often with inflammation of the surrounding tissue. Since sebum production is under androgenic control, hormonal changes through puberty tend to initiate acne, and genome-wide association studies suggest that androgen metabolism regulating genes can increase susceptibility to acne; genetic variation in P. acnes may also be a factor. There is some evidence that the stratum corneum barrier is inherently impaired in patients with acne vulgaris (Yamamoto et al., 1995), with decreased levels of free sphingosine and ceramides in the stratum corneum of acne-prone individuals. These changes correlated with an increase in transepidermal water loss and decreased SC hydration (measured by conductance) for patients with moderate acne when compared to those with a mild version of the condition.
Nanoparticle-Stabilized Liposomes as an Effective Bio-Active Drug Molecule Delivery for Acne Treatment
Namrita Lall in Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
A multitude of factors cause acne, such as heredity, hormonal changes, anxiety and an imbalance in the skin microbiome resulting in opportunistic bacterial infection. However, there is still uncertainty regarding the exact order of events that occurs in acne development and progression (Garg, 2016; Holland et al., 1998; Khorvash et al., 2012). Environmental and other external factors—such as heat and humidity, smoke, industrial chemicals, hair sprays and comedogenic oil-containing products—can exacerbate the condition by reducing the breathability of the skin and blocking the follicles and pilosebaceous glands (Garg, 2016). One of the major underlying causes of acne progression is inflammation (Holland et al., 1998). However, the involvement of inflammation in the initiation of acne development is not yet clear. Inflammation may have an indirect effect of acne-causing factors, which includes an increase in sebum production and bacterial virulence factors, such as secretory proteins and biofilm formation (Achermann et al., 2014; Dréno et al., 2018; Holland et al., 1998; Jappe, 2003).
Information on level of drugs into breastmilk
Wendy Jones in Breastfeeding and Medication, 2013
Acne is common in teenagers but by the mid-twenties most cases have resolved. Mild acne responds well to topical therapy particularly benzoyl peroxide, retinoids or antibacterials. It is unlikely that sufficient amounts of these products could be absorbed through the skin to produce significant levels in breastmilk. Drug choice in a mother during breastfeeding based on evidence of benefit and safety for the baby: Topical preparations according to maternal need – avoid oral products during breastfeeding Brand names: Benzoyl peroxide products: Acnecide (5%), Brevoxyl (4%), PanOxyl (5%, 10%) Retinoids: tretinoin (Retin-A), isotretinoin (Isotrex), adapalene (Differin) Topical antobiotics: Benzoyl peroxide+erythromycin (Benzamycin), erythromycin 2% (Stiemycin), clindamycin 1% (Dalacin T), erythromycin+zinc acetate (Zineryt), isotretinoin+erythromycin (Isotrexin) 284
Investigating material basis and molecular mechanism of Qing Cuo formula in the treatment of acne based on animal experiments, UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and network pharmacology
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Yanqi Cao, Jinfeng Liang, Chunguo Wang, Xuejie Bao, Siqi Li, Qi Liu, Bin Zeng, David Humberto Lopez, Ruoxi Yu
Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Studies have found that up to 95% of the population have been effected by acne at different degrees (Ju 2019). It was reported in Europe that 95% of adolescents are affected by acne, causing serious physical and psychological damage (Zouboulis and Bettoli 2015). Modern medicine indicates that acne is a multifactorial disease, and its occurrence is mainly related to factors such as sex hormone levels, sebum secretion, Propionibacterium proliferation, keratinization of hair follicle sebaceous gland ducts and inflammatory response (Eichenfield et al. 2021). Modern medical treatments for acne mainly include general treatment, drug treatment and changes in lifestyle. Commonly used western medicines include spironolactone, cimetidine, glucocorticoids, retinoic acid drugs, antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, etc. Some new drugs such as oral contraceptives, zinc products, and 5α-reductase inhibitors were also employed (Fox et al. 2016; Cervantes et al. 2018). However, western medicine treatment of acne has many side effects, including skin irritation, gastrointestinal irritation and teratogenicity; the rise of drug resistance has greatly reduced the utility (Fox et al. 2016; Mavranezouli et al. 2022). So safe and effective treatment options for acne are needed to address side effects and increasing rates of antibiotic resistance from current treatments.
Resveratrol as an active ingredient for cosmetic and dermatological applications: a review
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2019
Acne vulgaris is a chronic and common dermatological disease. It is characterized by the appearance of noninflammatory lesions (comedones) and inflammatory effusions (papules, pustules) in the seborrheic areas. There are many reasons for acne, but three main ones can be distinguished: increased sebum production, hyperkeratosis of the hair follicles (epidermal hyperproliferation), as well as colonization of the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes (69,70). Resveratrol also has the ability to limit acne vulgaris mainly thanks to antibacterial properties against Propionibacterium acnes and reduces the sebum production (16). Fabbrocini et al. (71) demonstrated that resveratrol-containing hydrogel applied daily on the face of 20 patients with acne for 60 days has the potential therapeutic impact on acne. The mean reduction of the acne was 53.75% and the mean reduction in the average area of microcomedones was 66,7%. It was also determined that resveratrol antibacterial activity against P. acnes is comparable to benzoyl peroxide but without cytotoxicity effects. The authors suggested that resveratrol has therefore potential as a novel therapeutic ingredient in the treatment of acne vulgaris (72). Also recent studies (73, 74) confirm that resveratrol can be an effective ingredient in the acne skin care and in addition can protect the skin against UV radiation. But further clinical studies in this area are necessary to confirm these theories.
The relevance of nanotechnology, hepato-protective agents in reducing the toxicity and augmenting the bioavailability of isotretinoin
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Khaled M. Hosny, Nabil A. Alhakamy, Khalid S. Al Nahyah
Acne, the most frequent dermatological condition, is observed typically in adolescents, but it may affect individuals of all ages (Decker & Graber, 2012). The treatment effects can be assessed only after 2–3 months of use, and the therapy can be manipulated (reduced or maintained or increased) accordingly (Asai et al., 2016). Among several medications for dermatological application, isotretinoin (ITT) has been the most widely used drug. Chemically, ITT is (2Z, 4E, 6E, 8E)-3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid. The oral form of ITT (13-cis-retinoic acid) was initially approved by the USFDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) in 1982 to treat severe acne (Layton, 2009), and its application has been extended to reduce the development of sebum to significantly trim down the inflammatory lesions (Nelson et al., 2006). ITT has a unique importance in treating adult women with acne, as it is non-hormonal and non-antibiotic. ITT is effective because of the improved production of lipocalin through neutrophil gelatinase (anti-microbial protein). Over the decades, no other drugs or treatments have diminished the effectiveness of ITT. Nonetheless, despite these fascinating features, extremely low solubility and permissibility can limit the incorporation of ITT into a suitable vehicle and lead to poor patient compliance. Consequently, it is prudent to enhance the solubility and minimize the adverse effects using an appropriate carrier.
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