Lifestyle and Diet
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Plastics are synthetic organic polymers. They are composed of hydrocarbons that are prepared from fossil fuel (petroleum) or other products under the action of heat (214). Plastics liberate their toxic monomers, bisphenol-A (BPA) and di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), during decomposition into the environment or during contact with foods or human tissues. BPA and DEHP are well-known strong endocrine disruptors which can interfere with human hormone systems, and consequently, can engender a number of diseases such as infertility, sex deformation, retardation of brain development in children, and cancers of prostate, breast, thyroid (213). At present, BPA has been one of the first plastic materials to be recognized for its potential harm by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (213). In response to such concerns, BPA also recently has been banned in the United States as well as in Canada and the European Union from use in infant bottles and spill-proof cups for toddlers. Do not heat or boil food in plastic containers by microwave. Replace plastic items with porcelain or glass objects. Detectable levels of bisphenol A have been found in the urine of 95% of the adult population of the United States (213).
A
Anton Sebastian in A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Artificial Teeth Teeth made of ivory were used in ancient Rome. Fragments of an ancient skull with gold-inlaid teeth have been found at the Atacames site in Ecuador. Albucasis, the Arab surgeon in the nth century, described replacement with ivory teeth. Guy de Chauliac (1300–1370) recommended replacing fallen teeth with those of another person or artificial teeth made of ox bone. Johannes Arculanus (1412–1484), a professor at Bologna, referred to gold leaf as a filling material and French surgeon Ambroise Paré (1510–1590) designed artificial teeth, often made of gold. Peter Lowe (1560–1610) in his treatise on surgery written in 1654 mentioned artificial teeth made of whalebone and ivory fastened by wire. Parisian dentist, Nicholas du Bois de Chement, wrote a dissertation on artificial teeth in 1788. Porcelain teeth were introduced in France in 1774 and into America in 1814. The method of taking a plaster cast for replacement of teeth was invented in America in 1844. Use of atmospheric pressure to fix dentures to the jaw was discovered by James Gardette of Philadelphia in 1800. Sir John Tomes (1815–1895), a dental surgeon to the Middlesex Hospital, wrote a detailed book The Management of Artificial Teeth, in 1851. His name is also associated with the discovery of odontoblast processes which continue into the tubules of dentine. See dental caries, dentistry.
Molar Incisor Hypoplasia
Linda Greenwall in Tooth Whitening Techniques, 2017
Tooth whitening. Tooth whitening has been shown to reduce caries and root caries, and this would be an option in mild to moderate MIH. Otherwise, for the deeper lesions, restorations with glass ionomer would be performed first, followed by whitening treatment.Microabrasion of the labial enamel.Icon treatment on both anterior and posterior mildly affected areas.Direct composite bonding.Preformed veneers over the teeth.Porcelain veneers.
Some Bryophytes Trigger Cytotoxicity of Stem Cell-like Population in 5-Fluorouracil Resistant Colon Cancer Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Dilşad Özerkan, Ayşe Erol, Ergin Murat Altuner, Kerem Canlı, Dürdane Serap Kuruca
Bryophytes were lyophilized, and their extracts were obtained. Since the samples of moss used in extraction are dry herbarium samples, the samples were left to dry in the shade after being thoroughly washed with sterile distilled water. Porcelain mortars, and pestles were used to powder the dried samples. The mortar and mortar hands were first cleaned with 70% ethyl alcohol, and after drying well, the samples of dry moss were pulverized in the mortar. Powdered samples were made with continuous mixing at room temperature between 120 and 160 rpm for three days. Absolute ethyl alcohol (relative polarity: 0.654, boiling point: 78.37 °C) was used as a solvent. The sample/solvent ratio used in extraction is set to 1:50. At the end of the period, the extracts were filtered through Whatman No 1 filter paper (Merck Cat No: WHA1443090). Prepared under vacuum in the Soxhlet apparatus, the boiling temperatures of the solvents were kept at 40–45 °C, and damage to high temperature-sensitive compounds was prevented. As a result of the 24-hour extraction period, the solutions were completely evaporated at 40 °C under vacuum in a rotary evaporator (Heidolph), and the remaining water phases were kept at −80 °C until completely dry. Dry powdered extracts were diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma Cat. No: D8418), and used in the analysis.
Metal-ceramic and porcelain-veneered lithium disilicate crowns: a stress profile comparison using a viscoelastic finite element model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Sukirti Dhital, Camila Rodrigues, Yu Zhang, Jeongho Kim
In the last 30 years, the development of the pressing technique for glass-ceramics and the Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Machining (CAD/CAM) technology have allowed the fabrication of strong ceramic frameworks that is combined with a porcelain overlay to achieve the most esthetic results (Zhang and Kelly 2017). Also with the advent of finite element method (FEM), simplified models have been developed that has eased this fabrication process (Martorelli and Ausiello 2013). Among the available ceramic frameworks, lithia- and zirconia-based ceramics are the popular choices for metal-free systems (Zarone et al. 2019). Porcelain-veneered zirconia (PVZ) has been the most popular and widely studied alternative for MC. However, concerns of the high rates of porcelain fracture and chipping and crown debonding have cast a shadow over their widespread applications (Pang et al. 2015; Pjetursson et al. 2015; Sailer et al. 2015; Nicolaisen et al. 2016).
Lichen sclerosus of the vulva
Published in Climacteric, 2021
As described earlier, the typical lesions are porcelain‐white papules, with glistening with a thin pale surrounding skin or hyperkeratotic plaques. Areas of ecchymosis, telangiectasia and obvious scratch marks are common. Occasionally, hyperkeratosis can be a prominent feature. The characteristic sites are the inter-labial sulci, labia minora, clitoral hood, clitoris and perineal body, whilst the skin changes may extend around the perianal region and onto the intergluteal cleft resulting in a figure of eight ‘rash’ or may involve the urethral outlet. Long-standing LSV may cause resorption of the labia minora, sealing of the clitoral hood and covering of the clitoris, although the latter may occur in more recent disease. Keratinous debris can accumulate beneath the hood and form a painful pseudocyst. Division of the clitoral adhesions may be needed if symptomatic or recurrently infected [15,16].
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