Benign Oral and Dental Disease
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford in Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
The gingivae and the periodontium may become inflamed secondary to a variety of pathological causes ranging from autoimmune to infectious causes (Figure 42.1). The generic terms gingivitis and periodontitis are usually applied to plaque-related inflammation of these tissues. The aetiology of chronic adult periodontal disease is multi-factorial, involving interaction between dental plaque, genetic and environmental risk factors. Dental plaque differing in microbial composition, forms above (supra-) and below (sub-) the gingival margin. Periodontitis develops when the plaque-related gingivitis results in an increase in depth of the gingival sulcus by mechanisms involving apical migration of the gingival attachment to the tooth root surface, loss of connective tissue attachment and alveolar bone loss. Examples of clinical parameters used by dental surgeons to assess periodontal disease include placing a periodontal probe in the gingival sulcus, measuring pocket depth which allows an indication of periodontal attachment loss. Bleeding on placement of the periodontal probe tip into the gingival sulcus or periodontal pocket reflects the presence of active gingival inflammation (Table 42.2). There has been significant research into the aetiology and association between periodontal disease and systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic vascular disease.
The Digestive (Gastrointestinal) System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Diagnostic methods employed in dental care include visual examination, dental radiographs, and periodontal probe, the clinical assessment of connective tissue destruction. An odontoscope is an optical device used to project the oral cavity onto a screen for multiple viewing. Iodine-125 (125I) absorptiometry involves analysis of periodontal bone mass changes using a low-energy gamma beam originating from a radioactive source of iodine. Photodensitometric analysis technique is based on absorption of a beam of light by radiographic film. Computer-assisted subtraction radiography utilizes subsequent radiographs to show differences in relative densities. Nuclear medicine techniques are utilized to predict subsequent bone changes and provide a measure of disease activity. Exfoliative cytology, darkfield contrast microscopy, and immunofluorescence microscopy are microbiologic assays utilized in diagnosis of periodontal disease. Latex agglutination is an immunologic assay based on the binding of protein to latex used to detect periodontal pathogens.
Gingival bleeding and pocket depth among smokers and the related changes after short-term smoking cessation
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
Swati Mittal, Maki Komiyama, Yuka Ozaki, Hajime Yamakage, Noriko Satoh-Asahara, Akihiro Yasoda, Hiromichi Wada, Masafumi Funamoto, Kana Shimizu, Yusuke Miyazaki, Yasufumi Katanasaka, Yoichi Sunagawa, Tatsuya Morimoto, Yuko Takahashi, Takeo Nakayama, Koji Hasegawa
Clinical examination of the oral cavity was conducted by using a mouth mirror and a calibrated periodontal probe. A single experienced dentist recorded all the clinical parameters throughout the study, using the same instruments. The measurements were performed to the nearest millimetre for all teeth, except for the third molars, at six sites of every present tooth (i.e. mesiobuccal, mid-buccal, and distobuccal, mesiolingual, mid-lingual, and distolingual). The periodontal pocket depth was classified into three categories: Grade 0, pocket depth of 0–3 mm; Grade 1, pocket depth of 4–5 mm; and Grade 2, pocket depth of >6 mm. Bleeding on probing (BOP) was a dichotomous variable (i.e. present or absent). A calibrated periodontal probe was used to measure the depth and determine the configuration of the periodontal pocket [9]. Gentle probing can be attained by running a probe around the teeth in the first 2 mm of the sulcus without applying any force apically. The WHO perio probe made by the Japanese company YDM Corporation was used to assess the periodontal status of individual patients, with the recommended probing force of 20–25 g to assess the periodontal status of each patient [10].
Association between periodontal condition and blood pressure is confounded by smoking
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
Emilia Ollikainen, Tuomas Saxlin, Tellervo Tervonen, Anna Liisa Suominen, Matti Knuuttila, Antti Jula, Pekka Ylöstalo
In the oral examination, periodontal pocket depth measurements were carried out by five calibrated dentists using a WHO periodontal probe with a probing force of 20 g (calibrated by using a letter scale). The measurements were made in millimetres on four surfaces of each tooth—except third molars and radices—in the following order: distobuccal, mid-buccal, mid-oral and mesio-oral. Only the depth of the deepest pocket for each tooth was recorded as follows: no deepened periodontal pocket, periodontal pocket 4–5 mm deep and periodontal pocket 6 mm deep or deeper. The agreement between the examiners and the reference examiner in measuring periodontal pocket depth was 77% (κ 0.41). Intra-examiner reliability assessments of periodontal pockets produced a κ value of 0.83 [20]. For the analyses, the categories ‘periodontal pocket 4–5 mm deep’ and ‘periodontal pocket 6 mm deep or deeper’ were combined, resulting in a variable coined ‘the number of teeth with ≥4 mm periodontal pockets’ [21]. This was used in the analyses as a continuous variable.
Active matrix metalloproteinase-8 and interleukin-6 detect periodontal degeneration caused by radiotherapy of head and neck cancer: a pilot study
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Mutlu Keskin, Hanna Lähteenmäki, Nilminie Rathnayake, Ismo T. Räisänen, Taina Tervahartiala, Pirjo Pärnänen, Ahmet Murat Şenışık, Didem Karaçetin, Ayben Yentek Balkanay, Pia Heikkilä, Jaana Hagström, Jaana Rautava, Caj Haglund, Ulvi Kahraman Gursoy, Angelika Silbereisen, Nagihan Bostanci, Timo Sorsa
Periodontal examinations were performed pre-radiotherapy (baseline) and 1 month after the end of radiotherapy by a single experienced periodontist (MK). The following clinical parameters were assessed: probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL), plaque index (PI) and mobility index [19]. Clinical parameters were evaluated for all teeth present (including the third molars). PPD and CAL were recorded from six sites, BOP and PI from four sites of each tooth. CAL was measured from the cementoenamel junction to the base of the periodontal pocket. BOP was recorded based on the presence or absence of bleeding 10 seconds after probing (0 or 1, respectively). PI was scored as 0 to 3 [20]. All probing measurements were performed using a manual millimeter periodontal probe (Williams Periodontal Probe PW; Hu-Friedy®, Chicago, IL, USA). Patients were diagnosed according to the new classification system of periodontitis described by Tonetti et al. (2018) [21].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bone
- Dentistry
- Gingival Sulcus
- Periodontium
- Lamina Propria
- Dental Instrument
- Tooth
- Gingival & Periodontal Pocket
- Periodontal Disease
- Gingival Enlargement