Aging of Skin, Soft Tissue, and Bone
Ali Pirayesh, Dario Bertossi, Izolda Heydenrych in Aesthetic Facial Anatomy Essentials for Injections, 2020
The important aesthetic landmark of the upper third is the nasion, defined as the suture between the frontal and nasal bones in the midsagittal plane. Together with the nasion, the glabellar angle (the line connecting the maximal glabellar prominence with the nasofrontal suture, as compared to the horizontal or nasal-sellar line) is used as an anthropometric measurement in facial and cephalometric analysis.
Skeletal-versus soft-tissue-based cephalometric analyses: is the correlation reproducible?
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2019
Oliver Ploder, Robert Köhnke, Heinz Winsauer, Carolin Götz, Oliver Bissinger, Bernhard Haller, Andreas Kolk
Cephalometric analysis (CA) of dentofacial deformities is an important part of the preparation for orthodontic and orthognathic treatment [1]. Numerous variations of CA have been developed in an attempt to define the direction of treatment more objectively [2,3]. Two methods can be distinguished: skeletal and soft tissue CA. Skeletal cephalometric analysis (SKCA) is based on cranial base structures, e.g. the Nasion Sella line (NSL), and emphasis is placed on measurements of skeletal and dental structures within the head films (Figures 1 and 2). Measurements of distances, angles, or ratios between anatomical landmarks (e.g. NSL-A) have been used to objectify the amount of deviation proportionately to standard values [1,3]. Several authors have questioned the validity of these measurements because of their variability and therefore low reliability [4,5]. A variation of the corresponding skeletal structures by up to 20° is described if the cranial base is employed as a reference [6]. Use of various intracranial orientation planes can sometimes lead to completely different findings in the same patient [4,6]. In cases of the obvious deviation of skull base structures, lateral cephalograms need to be re-oriented relative to a horizontal reference plane, and angular and linear measurements from skull base structures to landmarks have to be adapted to this position [7,8]. As a horizontal reference plane, the Frankfurt horizontal (FH) is frequently used for head orientation in CA [9]. However, various authors have questioned the validity of this line, because of the large variation to natural head posture [9–12].
A skeletal Class III facial asymmetry case with a canted occlusal plane treated by LeFort I with unilateral horseshoe osteotomy
Published in Orthodontic Waves, 2021
Tomoyo Tanaka, Mitsuhiro Hoshijima, Norie Yoshioka, Hiroshi Kamioka
A cephalometric analysis showed a skeletal Class III jaw-based relationship (ANB: −2.0°) with mandibular protrusion (SNB: 82.5°), an average mandibular plane angle (Mp-SN: 36.5°). Although the maxillary incisor angle was within the normal range (U1-SN: 108.0°), the mandibular incisor angle was lingually inclined (L1-Mp: 80.0°) (Figure 2(a), Table 1). The posterioanterior (PA) cephalometric tracing showed that the maxillary occlusal plane inclination was 5.0°, and the occlusal cant was 5.0 mm between the maxillary first molars. The menton was deviated 1.5 mm to the right. The maxillary dental midline was shifted 2.0 mm towards the left, and the mandibular dental midline was shifted 2.5 mm towards the right compared with the facial midline (Figure 2(b,c)). During maximum mouth opening and closing, the incisal path was awkward, and movement of the right condyle was restricted compared to that on the left side. In addition, the incisal path was unstable on the right side during the lateral excursion jaw movements (Figure 3(a)).
Prediction in obstructive sleep apnoea: diagnosis, comorbidity risk, and treatment outcomes
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2018
Kate Sutherland, Fernanda R. Almeida, Philip de Chazal, Peter A. Cistulli
Patient clinical characteristics associated with OAm response include anthropomorphic factors. Positive predictors such as younger age, female sex, lower body mass index, smaller neck circumstance, smaller oropharynx, and smaller overjet are reported. Unfortunately, there are no reliable cut off points to rule patient in or out for treatment [108]. Similarly, disease characteristics from baseline polysomnography have been assessed as predictors, with some contradictory findings. Less severe OSA is predictive and supine-dependent OSA responds favorable in some studies [109]. Craniofacial characteristics relate to treatment response with cephalometric analysis showing positive predictors such as a shorter soft palate, longer maxilla, shorter distance between mandibular plane and hyoid bone, bigger A point-nasion-B point angle and smaller sella-nasion-B point angle, although not validated for prediction [110].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bone
- Cephalometry
- Dentistry
- Orthodontics
- Skeleton
- Soft Tissue
- Radiography
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
- Natural Head Position
- Sella Turcica