Human Coronavirus Respiratory Infections
Sunit K. Singh in Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
Peptidomimetic inhibitors, consisting of a peptide with specificity for the ligand of interest and a chemically reactive warhead, also afford potential therapeutics.66 One such inhibitor, possessing a peptide specific for the 3CLpro catalytic site and a nitrile warhead, demonstrated inhibition of 3CLpro.66 Broad-spectrum protection can theoretically be achieved with such peptidomimetic inhibitors that target 3CL proteases, since these proteins are highly conserved among coronaviruses, caliciviruses, and picornaviruses.66–68 As a natural alternative, Salvia miltiorrhiza root, a common remedy for cardiac maladies in Asia, contains tanshinones as an active component, which exert specific inhibition against SARS-CoV proteases 3CLpro and PLpro.69 Several natural and synthetic chemicals can also inhibit nsp13, either by interfering with the ATPase activity or with the DNA unwinding ability.70–73
Examples of single Chinese and botanical medicines derived from TCM
Raymond Cooper, Chun-Tao Che, Daniel Kam-Wah Mok, Charmaine Wing-Yee Tsang in Chinese and Botanical Medicines, 2017
Salvia miltiorrhiza (also known as red sage, Chinese sage, tanshen, or danshen, is a perennial plant in the genus Salvia highly valued for its roots in TCM. Native to China and Japan, it grows at an elevation of 90—1,200 m (300–3,900 ft.), preferring grassy places in forests, hillsides, and along stream banks. The specific epithet miltiorrhizameans “red juice extracted from a root.” Salvia miltiorrhiza has been widely used in China and, to a lesser extent, in Japan, the United States, and European countries for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In China, the specific clinical use is angina pectoris, hyperlipidemia, and acute ischemic stroke.
Impact of Endosymbionts on Antimicrobial Properties of Medicinal Plants
Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa in Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
In a study conducted by Chen et al. (2018), the seed microbiome of Salvia miltiorrhiza, an important medicinal plant used for the treatment of coronary and cerebrovascular diseases in Asian countries, was evaluated using 16S rDNA and ITS sequencing, uncovering the presence of 17 phyla and 39 classes of bacteria. The prediction analysis of functional pattern and enrichment indicated functions related to the metabolism of terpenoids, polyketides and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, suggesting that the identified microbiome may contribute with additional metabolic capacities to those encoded in the S. miltiorrhiza genome, thus constituting a genetic resource distinct for the host plant.
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from leaf extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza and its anticancer potential in human prostate cancer LNCaP cell lines
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Ke Zhang, Xiaodong Liu, Samson Oliver Abraham Samuel Ravi, Arunkumar Ramachandran, Ibrahim Abdel Aziz Ibrahim, Anmar M. Nassir, Jiapei Yao
Medicinal plants are one of the most commonly used alternative therapies. There are several medicinal plants that have been used besides conventional treatment regimens [12]. The preparation of nanoparticles from medicinal herbs or plant extracts are currently attracting attention as a promising chemopreventive strategy in several kinds of cancer [13,14]. Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge otherwise called as Danshen herbal is the most well-known Chinese conventional herbs and it has more than 1000 years of clinical application [15]. Tanshinones is the major lipid-soluble component present in S. miltiorrhiza and also having a group of abietane diterpenes. Salvia miltiorrhiza exhibits several beneficial and pharmacological activities such as cardioprotective, antioxidants, antiinflammation, antidiabetic and anticarcinogenic [16]. It has been previously reported that common hemorrheologic agent promotes blood circulation and regulates blood stagnation in humans [17–19]. Previous reports also implicated that S. miltiorrhiza extracts and its active components inhibit the growth of cancer cells including breast, prostate and lung cancer [20–22].
Protective effect of tanshinone IIA on H2O2-induced oxidative stress injury in rat cardiomyocytes by activating Nrf2 pathway
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2020
Guang Yang, Fang Wang, Yan Wang, Xiaojing Yu, Shaohui Yang, Hongxia Xu, Jiankun Xing
Tanshinone IIA (TANIIA) is a natural active ingredient derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza. It is an important component isolated from S. miltiorrhiza and is a fat-soluble component of S. miltiorrhiza. Salvia miltiorrhiza is known as a traditional Chinese medicine that can improve blood flow and blood stasis. It is beneficial to cardiovascular health and has been used on the diseases of cardiovascular [1,2]. Studies have shown that TANIIA exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo, which can increase the blood flow of coronary arteries, thereby improving the metabolic disorder of cardiomyocytes caused by hypoxia and improving the tolerance of myocardium in anoxic environment [3,4]. At the same time, TANIIA can also reduce the extent of myocardial infarction, improve the contractility of the myocardium, and thus promote the regeneration of myocardial cells [5,6].
Improved transdermal permeability of tanshinone IIA from cataplasms by loading onto nanocrystals and porous silica
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Xiangshuai Gu, Jueshuo Guo, Yaping Mai, Yang Niu, Jing Chen, Qipeng Zhao, Jianhong Yang
Salvia miltiorrhiza is a traditional oriental medicine which contains a variety of active ingredients of tanshinones used for transdermal drug delivery (Wang et al. 2016; Yu et al. 2016). Tanshinone IIA is a lipophilic diterpenoid quinone which has a wide array of pharmacological effects, such as enhancing coronary circulation to prevent myocardial ischemia and infarction (Yu et al. 2014). It is also important in the treatment of some skin diseases because of its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Yifan Li et al. had demonstrated that tanshinone IIA can suppress P.acnes-induced inflammation by blockade of TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway (Li and Zhou 2018). Tanshinone IIA is a promising candidate for transdermal delivery because of its appropriate physicochemical properties, such as low molecular weight (294 Da), high lipophilicity and low daily dose. However, its extremely low aqueous solubility limits its permeation into the active epidermis (Kouchak et al. 2014; Wu et al. 2018). Suitable dosage forms and carrier-based delivery of tanshinone IIA could have a significant effect on skin permeation, absorption and, consequently, its therapeutic efficacy.
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