Cosmetic camouflage for pigmentation issues
Dimitris Rigopoulos, Alexander C. Katoulis in Hyperpigmentation, 2017
The coverage of a foundation is directly related to the amount of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, talc, kaolin, and precipitated chalk it contains. Titanium dioxide is the best agent to achieve optimal coverage, but high concentrations of titanium dioxide will make the facial foundation thick and pasty. Zinc oxide is also a white pigment that can be added to titanium dioxide to improve the texture and the spreadability of the foundation. Spreadability is the ease with which the foundation can be rubbed into a thin film over the facial skin. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are the same ingredients that are used as inorganic physical blocks. Kaolin and precipitated chalk are finer-particle white pigments that can be blended with titanium dioxide and zinc oxide to improve the smoothness of the facial foundation film as it glides over the skin. By varying the concentration of these white particulates, the cosmetic chemist can create various facial foundation aesthetic characteristics.
Cosmetic-Medical Treatments
Paloma Tejero, Hernán Pinto in Aesthetic Treatments for the Oncology Patient, 2020
Clays have antiphlogistic properties and have been used in therapy since time immemorial. The best-known clays are bentonites, a type of smectite, and kaolin, a kaolinite compound. Kaolin can be applied to skin lesions, with calming effects, as long as it is kept moist, applying a gauze moistened in thermal water interposed between the affected area and the clay plaster. Otherwise, drying is more difficult to remove and can cause discomfort. Green clay from France (Montmorillonite) is also used for its calming and bactericidal properties; in fact, there are experiences in thermal centers where a decrease in skin irritation caused by chemotherapy treatments has been observed, although more studies are needed to confirm these first impressions. For use in caring for cancer patients, these must be of high purity, with the guarantee that they do not have heavy metals that can be harmful [45].
Catastrophic haemorrhage
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Chris Wright in Trauma Care Pre-Hospital Manual, 2018
QuikClot Combat Gauze (Z-Medica, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States) is a non-woven surgical gauze coated in kaolin in use with the US military. Kaolin is a layered clay with the active ingredient aluminium silicate which activates factor XI and factor XII of the intrinsic coagulation pathway on contact with blood. It does not produce any exothermic reaction and despite relying on intrinsic coagulation pathways has been shown in animal studies to be effective in the presence of hypothermia and haemodilution (14). As a gauze roll, it is easy to handle and pack into cavity wounds. It is also easily removed at surgical debridement. Direct pressure must be applied over the wound for a minimum of 3 minutes following application of the haemostatic dressing.
Microneedles for transdermal drug delivery using clay-based composites
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Farzaneh Sabbagh, Beom Soo Kim
Kaolinite is a clay mineral with a well-established reputation that is used for artificial bones, drug active excipients, enteritis, dysentery, antibacterial function, diarrhea treatment, and maintenance of hemostasis [16]. Kaolinite, with the formula Al2Si2O5(OH)4 (kaolin), is a 2D aluminosilicate composed of a tetrahedral (SiO4) layer and an octahedral (AlO2(OH)4) layer [58]. It is a unique nanoclay with gaps between the layers. Most active molecules can either be adsorbed on the surface or encapsulated in the interparticle space. The application of kaolinite for drug delivery is related to its surface properties and reactivity. However, compared to montmorillonite, kaolinite has a smaller surface area and lower ion exchange capacity [78].
Clay nanoparticles as pharmaceutical carriers in drug delivery systems
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Jiani Dong, Zeneng Cheng, Songwen Tan, Qubo Zhu
As a representative and well-established clay mineral, kaolinite is used in drug active excipients, artificial bone, antibacterial, hemostatic and enteritis, dysentery, and diarrhea treatment [49]. Kaolinite (Kaolin, Al2Si2O5(OH)4) is a two-dimensional aluminosilicate, consisting of octahedral (AlO2(OH)4) layer and tetrahedral (SiO4) layer in a 1:1 ratio(T: O) [50], as is shown in Figure 2 (b). It’s a typical nanoclay container with interstitial space between layers. Most active molecules can be absorbed onto its surface, or encapsulated within its inter-particle spaces. The application of kaolinite in drug delivery is related to its reactivity and surface properties. However, compared with MMT, the kaolinite has lower ion exchange capacity and smaller surface area [51,52]. Therefore, the modifications of kaolinite by intercalation, thermochemical treatment, and chemical activation will enhance the interaction between drug molecules and kaolinite [53,54].
Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products: global occurrence and potential decontamination strategies
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Khurram Muaz, Muhammad Riaz, Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Oliveira, Saeed Akhtar, Shinawar Waseem Ali, Habibullah Nadeem, Sungkwon Park, Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
The addition of smectite in human nutrition was another initiative in order to decontaminate contaminants (Afriyie-Gyawu et al. 2008a). The efficacy of a specific smectite as a sequestering agent for aflatoxins was observed along with its safety for humans after ingestion (Wang et al. 2005, Afriyie-Gyawu et al. 2008b). The treatments for decontamination of AFM1 involving adsorption may fulfill few of the criterions required for the purpose as these are economical, eliminate the probability for formation of secondary toxic compounds and have been observed to bear high removal efficiencies. Clays were utilized for attenuation of AFM1 in bovine milk by Carraro et al. (2014) who showed bentonites to be highly efficient as the milk contaminated with AFM1 at levels of approximately up to 0.080µg/L was decontaminated to permissible levels with only minute changes in the nutritional profile of milk. Kaolin, however, was found to be less adsorptive than bentonite. High adsorbent capacities were observed by bentonites owing to higher cell surface areas available for AFM1 binding and surface hydrophobicity (Carraro et al. 2014). Additionally, Di Natale and his team observed activated carbons to have higher adsorbing capacities as compared to montmorillonitic bentonite and zeolite which might have been due to larger surface areas of activated carbon in comparison to bentonite (Di Natale et al. 2009). Some recent studies involving use of various adsorbents are shown in Table 4.
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