Other Toxic Effects
Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg in Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
Large doses of cadmium produce toxic effects in the peripheral nervous system. Gabbiani89 observed hemorrhages in sensory ganglias after s.c. injections of cadmium chloride, from 2.5 to 28 mg/kg body weight, to rats. Similar lesions were also produced in mice, hamsters, and guinea pigs.12,90 The type of effects seen in the peripheral nervous system after cadmium injections are influenced by the age of the animals. Severe changes are usually seen in adult rats.13 Pretreatment with 5 s.c. injections of cadmium chloride in relatively small doses, 2 mg CdCl2 (1.2 mg Cd) per kilogram body weight, prevented the ganglionic lesions produced by a single i.v. dose of 8 mg CdCl2 (5 mg Cd) per kilogram body weight.91 Pretreatment with zinc acetate was also observed to have preventive properties.90 The mechanism underlying cadmium-induced injury to sensory ganglias is probably endothelial vascular lesions93 similar to those seen in testis. Therefore, they are not likely to occur as a result of long-term exposure.
Irritants and rubefacients*
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach in Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Salts of metals are used as astringents, deodorants, and antiseptics. The most used salts are copper sulfate (CuSO4), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), aluminum acetate ([CH3COO]3Al), aluminum subacetate ([CH3COO]2AlOH), stannous chloride (SnCl2), nickel ammonium sulfate (NiSO4[NH4]2SO4), potassium alum (KAl[SO4]2), aluminum chloride (AlCl3), and ammonium alum (NH4Al[SO4]2). Soluble salts with similar toxicities are formed by the action of acids on galvanized or copper-lined utensils. These salts are all water-soluble. Their precipitating effect on proteins forms the basis of their astringent and antiseptic effects. Zinc oxide, which is insoluble, has no acute toxicity. The exposure limit for these salts is 2 mg/m3. Zinc acetate (Galzin) is used to reduce the absorption of copper in the treatment of Wilson’s disease.
Glutamate Decarboxylase
Elling Kvamme in Glutamine and Glutamate in Mammals, 1988
Zinc acetate is the most potent inhibitor among the divalent cations tested, inhibiting to the extent of 50%, at 10 μΜ concentration, followed by the acetates of Cd2+, Hg2+, and Cu2+. The remaining divalent cations are far less effective as inhibitors. The percentages of inhibition by these divalent cations at 10 mM concentration are as follows: Ni2+, 90%; Mn2+ and Co2+, 80%; Ba2+, 75%; Ca2+, 50%; Mg2+ ,45%; and Sr2+, 30%. The decreasing order of inhibitory potency is Zn2+ > Cd2+ , Hg2+, Cu2+ > Ni2+ > Mn2+, Co2+ > Ba2+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Sr2+. The rat brain GAD, similar to the mouse brain enzyme, is sensitive to various inhibitors. Inhibition of 50% of the rat brain GAD activity occurred at the following concentrations for each inhibitor: DTNB, 2.5 μΜ; aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), 1 μΜ; 3-mercaptopropionic acid, 15 μΜ; zinc acetate, 25 μΜ; NaCl, 17.5 mM; α-ketoglutarate, 9 mM; and β-methylene-D,l-aspartate, 0.1 mM. Other physiological substances such as mono-and dicarboxylic acids, nucleotides, and biogenic amines are all moderate to weak inhibitors. However, no activator for the neuronal GAD has been found yet.
Tf ligand-receptor-mediated exenatide-Zn2+ complex oral-delivery system for penetration enhancement of exenatide
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2018
Liping Zhang, Yanan Shi, Yina Song, Dongyu Duan, Xuemei Zhang, Kaoxiang Sun, Youxin Li
Exenatide was purchased from Shanghai GL Biochem (Shanghai, China). Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-exenatide was obtained from Shanghai Xinhao Biochemicals (Shanghai, China). Zinc acetate dehydrate was from Tianjin Zhiyuan Chemical Reagents (Tianjin, China). PEG-PLGA-maleimide (PEG-PLGA-mal; 5000–20,000 Da, 50:50 LA:GA, w/w) and methoxy-PEG-PLGA (mPEG-PLGA; 5000–20,000 Da, 50:50 LA:GA, w/w) were purchased from Polyscitech (West Lafayette, IN). Tf was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO). Hoechst 33342 was from Fanbo Biochemicals (Beijing, China). 3-(2′-Benzothiazolyl)-7-diethylaminocoumarin (coumarin-6) was purchased from Aladdin Industrial (Shanghai, China). Dextran gel (G-25) and Sepharose CL-4B were obtained from Hua Zhong Hai Wei (Beijing, China). Trypsin and a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) kit were purchased from Bi Yun Tian (Beijing, China). Foetal bovine serum was from Corning (New York, NY). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) was obtained from Fuzhou Maixin Biotech (Beijing, China). The exenatide kit was purchased from Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Burlingame, CA.
Hydrogel containing minocycline and zinc oxide-loaded serum albumin nanopartical for periodontitis application: preparation, characterization and evaluation
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Jie Mou, Zongxiang Liu, Jie Liu, Jianwu Lu, Wentao Zhu, Dongsheng Pei
ZnO NPs were synthesized using the modified reversed-phase microemulsion method which utilized zinc acetate as precursor (Mou et al., 2017). Briefly, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB, 0.3644 g, 1 mmol) was dissolved in cyclohexane (10 mL). The suspension was heated at 80 °C for 1 h and cooled to room temperature under stirring overnight. Next, triethanolamine (5 mL) was added dropwise under vigorous stirring until the milk-white emulsion was formed. Zinc acetate (Zn(CH3COO)2 · 2H2O) (2.19 g, 1 mmol) was dissolved in distilled water (100 mL) whilst stirring to obtain the 1 mol/L zinc solution. Zinc acetate solution (0.2 mL, 1 mol/L) was injected into the abovementioned emulsion slowly under moderate stirring until the mixture turn cleared and stirred for another 1 h. Then the solution was sonicated at 200 W until the white nanocrystalline formed. After washing, the powder was allowed to dry in an oven at 400 °C for 1 h. Synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized for the particle size and zeta potential by NICOMP 380ZLS zeta potential/particle size analyzer (PSS, USA). X-ray powder diffractometry (Bruker AXS D8 Advance Diffractometer), morphology (JSM-6510, JEOL, Japan) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM 1230, JEOL) operating at 100 kV.
Micro/nanostructured TiO2/ZnO coating enhances osteogenic activity of SaOS-2 cells
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Ranran Zhang, Nan Xu, Xujie Liu, Xing Yang, Hao Yan, Jing Ma, Qingling Feng, Zhijian Shen
Titanium Samples (commercially pure titanium Grade 2) with a diameter of 14.5 mm and thickness of 1 mm were polished and then ultrasonically cleaned in acetone, ethanol and deionized water successively, each for 5 min. The micro-arc oxidation (MAO) treatment of the Ti discs was carried out under a pulsed 250 V in positive and 5 V in negative AC field (WHD-20, Harbin, China). 0.1 M calcium acetate monohydrate (Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O), 0.1 M disodium edetate dihydrate (Na2(EDTA)), 0.25 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and 0.02 M sodium silicate (Na2SiO3·9H2O) were added into deionized water as electrolyte solution. The duration, frequency and duty of the pulsed AC power were 5 min, 50 Hz, 50%, respectively. Circulating water was employed in the cooling system. After the MAO process, samples were ultrasonically cleaned sequentially in acetone, ethanol and deionized water, each for 5 min. The coating treated with MAO was referred as MAO group. Subsequently, the samples underwent a hydrothermal treatment in 8 ml ammonium hydroxide containing 0.02 M zinc acetate (Zn(CH3COO)2), with a pH value of 12.6, at 200 °C for 4 h. After then, the samples underwent a heat treatment at 450 °C for 3 h following at 700 °C for 3 h. And then an ultrasonic treatment was applied in deionized water for 5 min, which removed the loosely adhered ZnO on the coating (referred as MHTZn group).
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