Whey protein
Linda M. Castell, Samantha J. Stear (Nottingham), Louise M. Burke in Nutritional Supplements in Sport, Exercise and Health, 2015
Whey protein is a widely available dietary supplement that is often used to promote weight loss and/or support the maintenance, repair and synthesis of muscle proteins. Whey is the liquid portion of coagulated milk and represents ~20% of the total protein mass of milk. It is a high quality protein source that contains all the amino acids to synthesize fully functional bodily proteins (Tang et al., 2009). Compared with other dietary protein sources, the amino acid composition of whey is high in leucine (see section on leucine), an amino acid known to regulate mRNA translation in an insulin-dependent manner (Burd et al., 2013). Recent interest has also emerged with regards to specific whey-derived bioactive peptides that may have a positive impact on several bodily functions including cardiovascular, digestive or immune activities (Nagpal et al., 2011).
Nanosuspensions as Nanomedicine: Current Status and Future Prospects
Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Sanjay Kumar Bharti in Medicinal Chemistry with Pharmaceutical Product Development, 2019
Apart from these, D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), polyethylene glycols (PEGs), polyvinyl alcohols (PVAs) have also been used as stabilizers [70]. However, the nanosuspensions are not stabilized permanently by these stabilizers and aggregation may occur during storage or when nanosuspensions are being dried. Furthermore, some of the common stabilizers raise toxicity concerns if used in large quantity for a long-term, limiting the therapeutic application of drug nanosuspensions [4, 71–74]. For example, Cremophor® EL and Tween–80 are two commercial surfactants that are widely used to solubilize poorly water-soluble drugs, but they also cause serious neuro-and nephrotoxicity as well as acute hypersensitivity reaction [75, 76]. Thus, there remains to be a demand to find new stabilizers with better stabilizing capacity and less toxicity. Food biopolymers, especially food proteins, are widely used in formulated foods because they have high nutritional values and are generally recognized as safe [77, 78]. The proteins include soybean protein isolate (SPI), whey protein isolate (WPI), β-lactoglobulin (β-lg), etc. (Table 4.1). The drug-to-stabilizer ratio in the formulation may vary from 1:20 to 20:1 and should be investigated in specific case(s). Lecithin is the stabilizer of choice if one intends to develop a parenteral nanosuspension [22].
Micronutrients and Nutraceuticals: Effects on Exercise Performance
Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse in The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Areta et al. (3) examined how different amounts of whey protein distributed throughout a 12-hour recovery period following resistance exercise influenced MPS. Twenty-four healthy trained men were assigned to one of three groups (8 men per group), with each group receiving a total of 80 grams of whey protein. The groups were as follows: [1] 8 × 10 grams of whey protein every 1.5 hours; [2] 4 × 20 grams of whey protein every 3 hours; and [3] 2 × 40 grams of whey protein every 6 hours. The researchers took muscle biopsies from the participants at the following intervals: at rest and after 1, 4, 6, 7, and 12 hours post-exercise. Although all three regimens led to significant increases in MPS compared to rest, those who consumed 4 × 20 grams of whey protein resulted in the greatest stimulus of MPS compared to the other two regimens.
Impact of Dietary Counseling on Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Cancer Awaiting Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Popi Kasvis, Antonio Vigano, Tram Bui, Franco Carli, Robert D. Kilgour
All patients met with an RD once during the study period; at the baseline appointment for the prehab group, and the preop appointment for the rehab group. The RD determined protein requirements for each patient based on baseline weight. The intervention aimed to achieve a protein intake of 1.5 g/kg/day, based on recommendations for both surgery (23) and cancer (5). The RD calculated protein requirements utilizing 1) current body weight in patients with under/normal weight, 2) the BMI midpoint (22 kg/m2) in patients with overweight or obesity. The RD estimated protein intake at baseline, based on the 3-day food diary completed by each patient. The RD subtracted calculated protein needs from estimated protein intake to determine protein deficit. Once the protein deficit was known, the RD then made individualized dietary recommendations based on preferences and tolerance and provided a whey protein isolate supplement (Immunocal, Immunotech, Vaudreuil-Dorion, QC) to achieve the protein target. Patients were encouraged to use the whey protein isolate after resistance exercise to provide substrate promoting muscle protein synthesis (24). The RD also provided counseling to patients experiencing weight loss to achieve adequate energy intake. Estimated energy requirements were calculated using 25 kcal/kg current body weight in patients with overweight/obesity, and 30 kcal/kg current body weight in under/normal weight patients (25). Finally, the RD provided dietary advice to alleviate nutrition impact symptoms.
Effects of a Plant-Based High-Protein Diet on Fatigue in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Adjuvant Chemotherapy – a Randomized Controlled Trial
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Esther Sathiaraj, Kamar Afshan, Sruthi R, Arti Jadoni, Krithika Murugan, Shekhar Patil, Radheshyam Naik
A negative correlation was also observed between fatigue scores and muscle mass, although this was not statistically significant. This could imply that by increasing muscle mass among patients with breast cancer, the prevalence of fatigue could be reduced. This is consistent with previous studies that have shown that prevention of sarcopenia and preservation of muscle mass have positive patient-related outcomes, including fatigue (43, 44). A recent study has shown that a high protein diet and not isolated branched chain amino acid can improve the skeletal muscle mass in patients with gastrointestinal cancers (45) while whey protein supplementation is considered excellent for maintaining muscle mass even under caloric restriction (46). Protein source is a topic of interest for patients and clinicians. A diet rich in plant-derived proteins may support muscle anabolism, albeit requiring a larger quantity of protein to fulfill the recommended intake (47) and therefore a whey-based supplement was added to the intervention protocol to meet the protein requirement. A high protein diet can be a cost-effective way to improve muscle mass rather than focusing on ingestion of supplements. However, whey protein contains branched-chain amino acids, has a high amino acid content, and is digested rapidly, making it a high-quality protein source. Branched-chain amino acids such as leucine are considered major stimulators of muscle protein synthesis (48, 49). A longer study duration may have demonstrated a stronger and statistically significant correlation between muscle mass and CRF.
A Randomized Controlled Pilot Exercise and Protein Effectiveness Supplementation Study (EXPRESS) on Reducing Frailty Risk in Community-Dwelling Older People
Published in Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2021
Agathe Daria Jadczak, Renuka Visvanathan, Robert Barnard, Natalie Luscombe-Marsh
Participant retention is often cited as another issue affecting the quality of studies. In our research we found that whilst the interventions were safe, there were tolerability issues related to the nutritional supplementation; this is something that we46 and other groups47 had noted previously when using commercial products.46,47 Difficulty ingesting the protein drinks, and tolerability of the drinks once consumed resulted in early withdrawals from this study. Therefore, sample size estimation for future studies of this nature should allow for a dropout rate of ∼25%. Those that remained in the study reported high compliance with both types of protein supplements (i.e., 90.3%), which conforms to findings from other studies that investigated the effects of dairy proteins. For example, Fielding et al.,47 as well as Collins et al.,48 also reported high compliance to twice daily 20 g supplements of whey protein in combination with resistance-based exercise despite undesirable gastrointestinal effects. Lactose intolerance is often cited as the cause of gastrointestinal issues in response to dairy. However, the whey protein isolate used in this study had negligible lactose, and known lactose intolerance was an exclusion criterion. Since whey has been demonstrated to empty from the stomach more rapidly than other proteins,49 it is plausible that rapid gastric emptying caused the bloating, nausea and diarrhea experienced by some participants in this study; these are all symptoms of idiopathic accelerated gastric emptying.50
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