Plant Source Foods
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
A grape is a berry fruit of the vines (Vitis) originally from the Mediterranean region. There are a few thousand varieties of Vitis vinifera grapes; some of them have commercial values. Grape is eaten fresh or processed to make wine, jam, juice, jelly, raisins, grape seed extract, grape seed oil, and vinegar. Grape berries contain three major types of tissue: skin, flesh, and seeds (77–78). Grapes have high soluble healthy sugar, fiber, and water content. They are a rich source of vitamins: B1, B2, B5, B6, C, K, and minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium) (77–78). Grape berries are very rich in potassium (78). Grapes also contain a variety of colored phenolic antioxidants such as anthocyanidins and resveratrol which are responsible for the color of purple grapes and red wines (72, 77–78). Grapes grow in clusters, and their colors vary from yellow, green, orange, pink to crimson, dark blue, and black. The darker the colors, the richer the grapes are in antioxidants.
Topical Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis
Donald Rudikoff, Steven R. Cohen, Noah Scheinfeld in Atopic Dermatitis and Eczematous Disorders, 2014
The US FDA recently approved two products as medical devices for treating signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis. The first, Mimyx, is a cream containing the cannabinoid palmitoylethanolamide, an endogenous bioactive fatty acid deficient in atopic skin; the other, Atopiclair, is a cream containing a mixture of ingredients including glycyrrhetinic acid, telmestine, Vitis vinifera, capryloyl glycine, shea butter, and hyaluronic acid. Palmitoylethanolamine binds to cannabinoid receptors on mast cells and other immune cells and modulates their response to antigens. Levels of histamine, and interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and IL-8 are reduced. Palmitoylethanolamine also binds to cannabinoid receptors in nerve fibers and decreases pruritus and burning messaging to the brain. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, an enzyme responsible for the conversion of cortisol into cortisone. GA also selectively inhibits the complement cascade. Vitis vinifera (grapevine) contains bioflavonoid antioxidants and telmestine. It has anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of metalloproteases. The agents in both products are formulated to restore and maintain proper skin barrier function (Abramovits and Boguniewicz 2006, Abramovits and Perlmutter 2006).
Treatment of skin with antioxidants
Roger L. McMullen in Antioxidants and the Skin, 2018
After preparation of wine or juice, grape seeds (Vitis vinifera) are often utilized to prepare grape seed extract. After extraction, the final product is normally dried and purified, yielding an extract of extremely potent antioxidant activity. Grape seed extract mostly contains flavonoids; oligomeric proanthocyanidins represent the largest member of this group. Proanthocyanidins are oligomers of flavan-3-ols such as catechin, epicatechin, and epicatechin-3-O-gallate (Figure 8.26). In skin care, topical treatment and dietary intake of grape seed extract inhibits photocarcinogenesis.223–227 In vitro studies shed light on some of the mechanisms involved, with MAPKs and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling mechanisms playing an integral role—two pathways mitigated by UV-induced oxidative stress.228,229
Gastroprotective effect of leaf extract of two varieties grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) native wild and cultivar grown in North of Tunisia against the oxidative stress induced by ethanol in rats
Published in Biomarkers, 2020
Nabil Saadaoui, Asma Weslati, Taha Barkaoui, Ikram Khemiri, Wafa Gadacha, Abdelaziz Souli, Moncef Mokni, Mounira Harbi, Mossadok Ben-Attia
Two accessions of Vitis vinifera L. contain one wild native grapevine ‘Nefza-I’ and one cultivar ‘Marsaoui’ were used in this study. Both varieties were collected under the same edaphoclimatic conditions and agronomic practices from a vineyard collection managed by the ‘Institut National de Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie’ (INRAT, Ariana, north of Tunisia). This collection of autochthonous vines (spontaneous and cultivated) is entirely dedicated to the conservation, the characterization and the valorization of the biodiversity of the vine. Grapevine leaves were collected during the grapevine harvest season (August 2015). Theses leaves were initially washed thoroughly under cold distilled water, air-dried at ambient temperature (20–25 °C), and freeze-dried. Thereafter the plant material powdered using an electric blinder to obtain a powder, which encapsulated under vacuum and stored at room temperature in dry place priori to use. The plants were authenticated as Vitis vinifera by Pr Mounira HARBI-BEN SLIMANE at the INRAT.
Assessment of toxic element content of some grape molasses produced by conventional and industrial techniques: insights into human safety
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Sinem Helvacıoğlu, Mohammad Charehsaz, Onur Erdem, Ahmet Aydın
Fresh or processed grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the widely consumed edibles in all around the world due to its delicious taste, benefits on human health, and economic importance on a large scale, and Turkey is one of the major players in this market according to Food and Agriculture Organization records (Eyduran et al.2015).
Protective effect of raisin (currant) against spatial memory impairment and oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease model
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Mohammad Gol, Davoud Ghorbanian, Nabiollah Soltanpour, Jamshid Faraji, Mohsen Pourghasem
According to the reported data on Al, the oxidative stress induced by Al metal also modifies the peroxidation of lipids and alters the activities of anti-oxidative enzymes.14 The antioxidant enzymes have a role in eliminating the reactive oxidative species (ROS) from the body. Different types of ROS are keep on generating inside the cell, one of the important organelle that produces ROS is mitochondria. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, as it generates energy in the form of ATP but it is also the source ROS production. These ROS produced by neuronal mitochondria if not eliminated due to altered activity of anti-oxidative enzymes, gets accumulated with in the brain cells and would lead to the oxidative stress inside the cell resulting into neuronal damage.15 Oxidative stress induces the mitochondrial abnormalities that has an important role in degenerative disease such as AD.16 Therefore, antioxidant are considered as one of the important component as it plays a protective role by eliminating ROS and prevents neuronal damage from ROS.17 Antioxidants are our first line of defense against free radical damage, and are critical for maintaining optimum health and well-being.18 A part of certain cellular enzymes which has an antioxidant property are found in some medicinal plants and fruits that carry antioxidant constituents. In this regard, unveiling the potential of such plants opens a new chapter in our lives in many aspects, especially diagnosis and treatment of many ailments and most importantly monitoring for finding treatments for neurodegenerative disorders.19–21 One of the mentioned plants or fruits is grapes (Vitis vinifera) which have high health benefits. There are a number of reports which determine the health benefits of grapes and wine, but investigation about dried grapes (raisins, including ‘sultanas’ and ‘currants’) are still in the early stages. Raisins contain a variety of flavonoids and antioxidants such as anthocyanin, phenolic acid, tannin, vitamins, proanthocyanidin and high amount of phenolics.22,23 The phenolic compounds occurring in red wine, grapes, raisin, and grape juice include flavonoids, notably flavan-3-ols (catechins and procyanidins), anthocyanins and flavonols as well as nonflavonoid compounds such as hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids.22,23 It has been reported that polyphenols exert beneficial effects in experimental models of memory impairment due to their strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. According to previous documented studies on aged rats, consumption of polyphenols plays a role in enhancing cognitive function. Other studies on taking diets supplemented with antioxidants reduce the incidence of neurogenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s and AD.24–28
Related Knowledge Centers
- Ovary
- Traditional Medicine
- Vinegar
- Raisin
- Fruit
- Hybrid
- Liana
- Dioecy
- Berry
- Grape