Triglycerides/Hypertriglyceridemia
Charles Theisler in Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Triglycerides are a type of lipid, or fat, found in the blood. The body converts extra calories into triglycerides and stores them in fat cells. Untreated or uncontrolled high blood triglyceride levels increase the risk of serious complications such as coronary heart disease, cardiovascular events, and stroke. Very high blood triglycerides can also increase the risk of acute pancreatitis, which is inflammation of the pancreas that causes severe pain in the abdomen.1 High triglycerides can be a sign of other comorbid conditions that increase the risk of heart disease and stroke, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome (also known as insulin resistance syndrome) which is a cluster of conditions that includes too much fat around the waist, high blood pressure, high triglycerides, high blood sugar, and abnormally low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels).2
Cardiovascular Disease and Metabolic Syndrome
Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak in Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Metabolic syndrome can double the risk of CVD.22 According to the National Cholesterol Education Program’s (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III), metabolic syndrome in women is defined as the presence of three or more of the following findings:23Waist circumference of more than 35 inches (88 cm).Triglyceride level greater than or equal to 150 mg/dL.HDL cholesterol less than 50 mg/dL.BP of 130/85 mmHg or higher.Blood glucose greater than or equal to 110 mg/dL after fasting for at least 8 hours; revised ATP III criteria include plasma glucose greater than or equal to 100 mg/dL.24
Fats, Fatty Acids, and Lipids
Luke R. Bucci in Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Triglycerides are commonly found in foodstuffs (fats and oils), adipose tissue, other tissue storage depots, and in lipoprotein particles in blood plasma. Fatty acids are found in smaller concentrations in foodstuffs, plasma, and intracellularly. Phospholipids are found in cell membranes, plasma lipoproteins, nerve cell sheaths, bile fluid, and foodstuffs (especially lecithin). Sterols and steroids are found in foodstuffs (mostly as cholesterol in animal products and sterols in vegetable products), plasma lipoproteins, cell membranes, and intracellularly. Quinones and dolichols are components of intermediary metabolism and minor components of foodstuffs. Glycolipids, sphingolipids, and ceramides are found in membranes and intermediary metabolism. Fat-soluble vitamins will be discussed in Chapter 5.
Lipid profiles of HIV-infected diabetic patients
Published in Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa, 2023
Clive Sydney, Louansha Nandlal, Firoza Haffejee, Jamila Kathoon, Thajasvarie Naicker
The prevalence of adult DM in Africa is 19.8 million.12 Diabetes is a metabolic disorder, characterised by an impairment of insulin production/action, which results in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, leading to elevated levels of blood glucose.13 The impaired activity of the hormone insulin is unable to regulate blood sugar levels. Diabetes is the second leading underlying cause of death in SA and the number one leading underlying cause of death for females.14 The prevalence of DM in SA has tripled from 4.5% in 2010 to 12.7% in 2019. In 2019, diabetes affected approximately 4.58 million people between 20 and 79 years old.15 Notably, another grave public health challenge in SA that leads to metabolic diseases such as diabetes is obesity, which progresses to dyslipidaemia. Dyslipidaemia is characterised by abnormal lipid components in plasma, which can lead to CVD. The varying levels of both high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) have a strong association with the incidence of CVD development. Decreased HDL indicates marked abnormalities while increased LDL results put individuals at cardiovascular risk.16 High levels of triglycerides have also been associated with cardiovascular risk.
Comparative study of dietary fat: lard and sugar as a better obesity and metabolic syndrome mice model
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Victor Hugo Dantas Guimarães, Deborah de Farias Lelis, Luis Paulo Oliveira, Luciana Mendes Araújo Borém, Felipe Alberto Dantas Guimarães, Lucyana Conceição Farias, Alfredo Mauricio Batista de Paula, André Luiz Sena Guimarães, Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
In our study, we also observed an altered lipid profile in mice treated with high-fat/high-sugar diets, especially those fed with HBLS and HLHS. Increased total cholesterol, triglycerides, and VLDL-cholesterol levels were found mainly in mice treated with the aforementioned diets. Lard and butter usually have higher contents of saturated fatty acids (Almeida et al.2009), and although recent evidence has disregarded the harmful effects of these molecules on increasing cardiometabolic risk, the combination of fat and sugar augment the risk for metabolic disorders and is closely associated with adverse health outcomes (DiNicolantonio et al.2016). The lipid profile is connected to increased risk of cardiometabolic complications (Sanchez-Bayle et al.2008). Interestingly, studies report that a high-sugar diet may not only increase triglyceride levels but shift the molecules towards low-density particles (Krauss 2001). However, the literature is still controversial regarding which type of fat is “healthier”, as both (saturated and unsaturated) display benefits and harmful effects (DiNicolantonio and O'Keefe 2018).
Targeting triglycerides to lower residual cardiovascular risk
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2022
Kristen J. Bubb, Adam J. Nelson, Stephen J. Nicholls
The presence of an elevated triglyceride level has two important clinical implications. Firstly, the evidence supports the presence of hypertriglyceridemia identifies a patient at higher cardiovascular risk. Guidelines for cardiovascular prevention advocate more intensive targeting of cardiovascular risk factors, including the intensity of LDL-C lowering [2,3]. The degree to which triglyceride lowering itself reduces cardiovascular risk remains to be determined. The other important clinical complication of hypertriglyceridemia involves its role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Where triglycerides are thought to be clinically relevant in the patient with pancreatitis, effective lowering of levels plays an important role in preventing clinical recurrences [27]. Existing approaches to triglyceride lowering have focused on reducing hepatic synthesis of VLDL and promoting the systemic activity of lipoprotein lipase, the major factor involved in the hydrolysis of triglyceride rich lipoproteins.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Ester
- Fatty Acid
- Glyceride
- Glycerol
- Unsaturated Fat
- Vegetable Oil
- Adipose Tissue
- Sebaceous Gland
- Saturated & Unsaturated Compounds
- Saturated Fat