The Ingestion Pathway
Antonietta Morena Gatti, Stefano Montanari in Advances in Nanopathology From Vaccines to Food, 2021
To our knowledge, a study has never been conducted showing that the amount of excipients taken is equivalent to that in any way eliminated. Therefore, it is not known whether something remains in the organism, where and how much. As a rule, the excipients in the form of particles are evaluated exclusively from a chemical point of view, and according to this criterion, their reactivity is negligible or, in practical terms, zero. But if one looks at them from the nanopathological point of view, it is clear that those particles are foreign bodies which necessarily behave as such. And the fact becomes particularly important for those who must take a drug in a chronic or, in any case, in a prolonged way over time. But now microand nanoparticles are also used in many sunscreens to block UVA and UVB rays. In the cosmetics industry, they are used in toothpaste, lipsticks, creams, ointments and powders, and there are many industrial foods which contain them as a deliberate addition, if not as ignored pollutants. Though the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved titanium dioxide particles for food, drugs and cosmetics, there is no actual evidence about their safety.
Bio-Ceramics for Tissue Engineering
Naznin Sultana, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Chin Fhong Soon in Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration, 2020
Gel oxidation is a surface modification of titanium (Ti) by using thermochemical method to prepare bioactive ceramic (TiO2) (Kim et al. 1996). The bioactive ceramic layer formed on the Ti substrate is important to improve tissue compatibility and natural bonding between the implant and the living bone (Han and Xu 2004). Gel oxidation can be explained as a two-steps process: Gelation: Sodium titanate formed on Ti substrate after treating with NaOH aqueous in glass bottle (24 hours, at 60°C) as illustrated in Fig. 8.2 (Kim et al. 1996, Abdullah 2010). Various concentrations of NaOH were used to vary the thickness of sodium titanate hydrogel.Oxidation: Treated Ti oxidised by heat treatment to produce titanium dioxide (TiO2) and stabilise the sodium titanate. Amorphous sodium titanate was produced at low temperature (< 600°C) or a mixture of crystalline sodium titanate and titanium dioxide produced at high temperature (≥ 600°C) due to dehydration and densification of the gel (Kim et al. 1996, Jonášová et al. 2004).
Inorganic Particulates in Human Lung: Relationship to the Inflammatory Response
William S. Lynn in Inflammatory Cells and Lung Disease, 2019
Metal oxides in the form of fumes may be deposited in the lungs of individuals with certain occupational or environmental exposure. These particles are usually within the range of 0.1 to 1.0 µ in maximum diameter.9 Deposition of metal fumes within the lung parenchyma has been associated with both acute and chronic pulmonary disease, and reported instances of the latter have included a wide range of tissue reactions: non-caseating granulomata in individuals with exposure to oxides of beryllium and aluminum,9, 89, 134 interstitial fibrosis in individuals with exposure to beryllium or aluminum oxides,89, 135 and desquamative interstitial pneumonitis in an individual with exposure to aluminum oxide.136 Other metallic oxides, such as titanium oxide,28, 89 tin oxide,89 and ferric oxide,14, 89 appear to be relatively inert. This range of tissue reactions suggests that host factors may be important in both the type and severity of response. Nevertheless, despite extensive studies (especially with regard to beryllium), the mechanism of toxicity of these various metal oxides is unknown.9
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) as an antidote or a protective agent against natural or chemical toxicities: a review
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
Mahyar Dorri, Shirin Hashemitabar, Hossein Hosseinzadeh
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most commonly used materials. It is used in different industrial fields such as pharmaceutical preparations, paints, rubber, ceramics, sunscreens, and other cosmetics and in the environmental decontamination of air, soil, and water. In many studies, toxic effects of titanium dioxide have been demonstrated in the liver of male Sprague–Dawley rats (Shakeel et al.2016) by several mechanisms such as the reduction of the level of catalase (CAT), increase of the level of lipid peroxidation and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). In another study, the effects of the subcutaneous injections of (150mg/kg) titanium dioxide nanoparticles or titanium dioxide bulk salt along with cinnamon extract orally (50 or 100 or 150mg/kg) were investigated. Cinnamon extract showed significant therapeutic impact in response to increase levels of titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced oxidative stress on the antioxidant system. Also liver function test was assessed and it was shown the oral administration of cinnamon decrease the amount of ALT, AST, and ALP (Shakeel et al.2017)
Application of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in cancer therapies
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2019
Selin Çeşmeli, Cigir Biray Avci
The most challenging and the main aim of the nanotechnology studies in cancer treatment area is discovering and designing nanoparticles for delivery and release of drug to target cells (tumours) by enhancing the effect of the drug and also decreasing the side effects. This designing process starts with nanoparticle’s ability to bind a ligand that provides targeted drug delivery and the nanoparticles should also be bound to the antibody for the prevention of immune system, then the nanoparticle can enter the target cancer cell by endocytosis. The mostly used nanoparticles in these new methods for cancer treatment are zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. Despite that the micro-sized particles of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are considered harmless to animals and people, nanoparticles of these metal oxides are considered as toxic. However, physical and electrochemical properties of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles make these nanoparticles proper to use in photo and sonodynamic processes [7]. In this review, the properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), their usage in photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy and other cancer therapies will be explained and discussed (Figure 1).
Alternatives to titanium dioxide in tablet coating
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Juliana Radtke, Raphael Wiedey, Peter Kleinebudde
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) occurs in four different modifications in nature: anatase, rutile, brookite, and riesite, of which only anatase and rutile are frequently used in pharmaceutical products (Balachandran and Eror 1982; Tschauner et al. 2020). As a widely used white pigment in pharmaceutical coating formulations, it fulfills various functions. On the one hand, it serves as a cosmetic whitener and enhances the intensity of colored coatings. On the other hand, the presence of TiO2 in the coating layer provides protection for photo-sensitive active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the tablet core. In the food industry, TiO2 is used under the label E171 as a food additive, e.g. as a visual embellishment in icings, chewing gums and also coated tablets (Titanium Dioxide Manufacturers Association n.d.). The white pigment is also contained in cosmetic products under the designation CI 7789 and as a UV filter/absorber in sunscreens (Titanium Dioxide Manufacturers Association n.d.).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Inorganic Compound
- Oxygen
- Sapphire
- Sunscreen
- Titanium
- Titanium Tetrachloride
- Food Coloring
- E Number
- Octahedral Molecular Geometry
- Chloride Process