Personal Weight Loss Strategies in Obesity
Emily Crews Splane, Neil E. Rowland, Anaya Mitra in Psychology of Eating, 2019
Some currently popular sweeteners include Splenda®, Truvia®, and Monk fruit sweeteners. Sucralose (marketed as Splenda®) is derived from sucrose and probably has the most authentic sugar flavor when compared with saccharin and aspartame (Quinlan & Jenner, 2006). As of 2008 it is believed to be the most widely used sweetener in the United States (Sylvetsky & Rother, 2016). Steviol glycoside sweeteners (commonly called stevia) are a class of zero-calorie sweeteners derived from the Stevia rebaudiana plant, which is native to parts of South America. Luo han guo sweeteners are derived from the Siraitia grosvenorii plant or Monk fruit which is native to parts of China and Thailand. Both stevia and Monk fruit sweeteners are relatively recent arrivals on the United States market (circa 2008). The largest-by-weight ingredient of Truvia® (which is sold as a stevia-based “natural” sweetener) is in fact not stevia but the sugar alcohol, erythritol (“Truvia FAQ”, 2018). Sugar alcohols, also called polyols, are an example of a nutritive sweetener. While they contain some calories (ranging from 0–3 kcal/g, which is lower than table sugar which has ~4 kcal/g), they are incompletely absorbed by humans, resulting in fewer calories retained following their consumption. Examples of sugar alcohols include xylitol, erythritol, and sorbitol. Sugar alcohols are frequently used in sugar-free candies and chewing gum.
Functional Foods: Bioavailability, Structure, and Nutritional Properties
Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal in Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
Energy Density Reduction by Reducing Sugar Content: The energy density of a food product is brought down by bringing down its sugar content and their perceived sweetness is supplanted by natural or non-caloric sweeteners. The sweetness of steviol glycoside extracts, for example, is approximately 350 times the sweetness of sugar and is being increasingly used as a healthy and natural sugar alternative. However, the replacement of sugars by non-caloric sweeteners may change physicochemical properties (volume and matrix structure) of such food products. This loss in volume or matrix structure could be compensated by using a combination of bulking agents. However, it involves knowing the contribution of each bulking agent in building up the structure and subsequent influence on several other sensory characteristics [60]. Hence, a blend of bulking agents might be utilized to make amends for the loss in network structure or volume.
Cyanogenic Glycosides
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
According to the chemical nature of the aglycone group, glycoside is classified into alcoholic glycoside, anthraquinone glycoside, coumarin glycoside, chromone glycoside, cyanogenic glycoside, flavonoid glycoside, phenolic glycoside, saponin glycoside (or saponin), steroidal glycoside (or cardiac glycoside), steviol glycoside, iridoid glycoside, and thioglycoside.
Antidiabetic Effect of Rosella-Stevia Tea on Prediabetic Women in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2018
Noor Rohmah Mayasari, Mae Sri Hartati Wahyuningsih
Commercially available stevia sweetener contains 95% steviol glycoside, which consists primarily of stevioside or rebaudioside A (25). Beneficial effects of oral stevioside have been documented: 1 g stevioside administered with test meal in a diabetic patient can reduce the area under the curve (AUC) for glucose and glucagon (16). In addition 1 g stevioside induced a reduction of blood glucose response (IVGT) in anaesthetized diabetic rats, leading to increased insulin secretion as well as a suppression of the glucagon level (26). Rebaudioside A stimulates insulin secretion in the presence of glucose, according to a study conducted on mouse islets (27). Stevia sweetener may influence postprandial glucose homeostatis. In contrast, one other study found that administering 1 g/d stevia sweetener, containing rebaudioside A, for 16 weeks to type 2 diabetic patients did not affect fasting glucose homeostatis (28).
Novel ultra-small micelles based on ginsenoside Rb1: a potential nanoplatform for ocular drug delivery
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Mengshuang Li, Jie Lan, Xuefei Li, Meng Xin, Hui Wang, Fan Zhang, Xiaohong Lu, Zengfang Zhuang, Xianggen Wu
Over the past few decades, the use of naturally sourced materials for ocular drug delivery has attracted considerable attention (Wadhwa et al., 2009). Rebaudioside A, a kind of steviol glycoside extracted from the natural herb Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, was designed as a potential ocular drug-delivery system based on its self-assembling into micelles (Song et al., 2018). However, the aqueous solubility of rebaudioside A limited its application in ocular drug-delivery system. A concentration less than 20 mg/ml of rebaudioside A had to be kept in mind as the ophthalmic solution formulation based on higher concentration was observed with precipitation of rebaudioside A (Song et al., 2018). Another natural small molecule of note is ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), one of the principle bioactive ingredients in the roots of Panax ginseng. Rb1 is of considerable medicinal interest due to its wide-ranging biological functions that include antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and various neuroprotective effects. All these Rb1 biological functions would be useful in the treatment of eye diseases such as diabetic keratopathy, making Rb1 also attractive for ophthalmological purposes. In addition, ginsenosides (including Rb1, the major (20S)-protopanaxadiol type) have both hydrophobic triterpenes or steroid aglycones and hydrophilic sugar side chain(s) in their structures, which allows them to form micelles in aqueous solutions (Xiong et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2012; Dai et al., 2013). We, therefore, considered that self-assembled micelles of Rb1 could potentially be utilized to be as a drug delivery system for the eye. We also postulated that the encapsulation of a medicine within Rb1 micelles might strengthen the drug’s therapeutic action and reduce side effects. The use of Rb1 as a carrier could also overcome some of the drawbacks of many active medicinal molecules, such as poor aqueous solubility, instability, and poor bioavailability.
A research on the genotoxicity of stevia in human lymphocytes
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
Aslı Uçar, Serkan Yılmaz, Şemsigül Yılmaz, Mustafa Sefa Kılıç
Stevia (including steviol glycoside, purity 99%, CAS No: 8016–24-8) was obtained from local medical market. Mitomycin C (MMC) (CAS No: 200–008-6), cytochalasin B (CAS No: 14930–96-2) were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). The other chemicals were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Acceptable Daily Intake
- Chemical Compound
- Fermentation
- Ph
- Precursor
- Stevia
- Stevia Rebaudiana
- Glycoside
- Sugar Substitute
- Blood Sugar Level