Macronutrients
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
When the three fatty acids are identical, triglycerides are called homotriglycerides. For example, olein is a triglyceride formed by three oleic acids; stearin, by three stearic acids. Triglycerides are fats and oils in animal and vegetable foods and make up more than 95% of lipids in the diet (67–68). When the esterification of glycerol occurs at one or two alcohol groups, the glyceride formed is called monoglyceride or diglyceride, respectively. However, triglycerides are the most abundant in fat and oil. All glycerides are water insoluble. Vegetable oil is liquid at room temperature because its triglyceride contains a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids; while fat of animals such as pig, cow, and poultry, is solid because its triglyceride contains a high proportion of saturated fatty acids. However, fat in fish and seafood is liquid because their triglycerides are formed by glycerol with omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA) that are unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, fish oil supplement and cod liver oil extract are in liquid form.
Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
L.D. Kapoor in Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
Chemical constituents — Flowers contain sugar, cellulose, albuminous substances, ash, and water. Dried flowers contain 50 to 60% sugar; seed contains 50 to 60% of fatty oil, called bassia oil, consisting of olein and palmitin, linolein, and stearin; a bitter principle, probably saponin, albumen, gum, starch, mucilage, and ash. Ash contains silicic, phosphoric, and sulfuric acid, lime, iron, potash, and traces of soda. Juice contains caoutchouc, tannin, starch, calcium oxalate, gum, resins, and formic and acetic acid. Oil is a mixture of 80% of stearin (separated crystals of stearic acid) and 20% of olein. Leaves contain a glucosidic saponin different from that obtained from seeds. Traces of an alkaloid have also been found. Flowers contain a fairly good quality of sugar, enzymes, and yeast and are commercially used for production of fuel alcohol. The fruit contains saccharose and maltose, tannin, and enzymes. It yields 0.03% of an essential oil containing 22.7% of ethyl cinnamate.50,178
Lipid-Based Nanoparticles: SLN, NLC, and MAD
Madhu Gupta, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Vikas Sharma, Nagendra Singh Chauhan in Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Phytoconstituents, 2020
Bromocriptine is a synthetic derivative of the alkaloid ergoline with a dopamine agonist activity. For this reason, it is utilized to treat hyperprolactinaemia, pituitary tumors, neuroleptic syndrome, Parkinson’s disease, and type 2 diabetes. The potential use of SLN as a delivery system for bromocriptine to treat Parkinson’s disease was described (Esposito et al., 2008) together with an in-depth characterization of SLN in terms of morphology and inner structure. In particular, a number of lipid mixtures and concentrations were used to produce SLN, precisely the concentrations by weight as compared to the total weight of dispersions were comprised between 3% and 10%. The lipid matrixes were alternatively composed of sole tribehenin, sole tristearin, sole monostearin, or by a blending of tristearin and monostearin (2:1 w/w), of tristearin and tricaprylin (2:1 or 3:1 w/w), and of tribehenin and tricaprylin (2:1 or 3:1 w/w). It has to be underlined that at room temperature mono- and tri-stearin and also tribehenin are solid lipids, while tricaprylin is fluid. Thus the mixture of tricaprylin with solid lipids leads to NLC rather than SLN. It was found that lipid concentration influences the dispersion’s macroscopic aspect; indeed, the increase from 3% to 10% (w/w) of the lipid content induces a proportional increase of the consistence of the dispersions, passing from fluid, to semifluid, to semisolid. In addition, the sole monostearin did not allow to form nanoparticle, while the use of tribehenin and tricaprylin blend (in the weight ratio 2:1) gave rise to the formation of an unstable dispersion.
The tiny big world of solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers: an updated review
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2022
Heidi M. Abdel-Mageed, Amira E. Abd El Aziz, Saleh A. Mohamed, Nermeen Z. AbuelEzz
SLN is mainly composed of matrix materials (lipids) such as triglycerides (tri-stearin), partial glycerides (Imwitor), fatty acids (stearic acid, palmitic acid), and steroids (cholesterol) and waxes (cetyl palmitate) that exist in the solid-state at room temperature. Various surface stabilisers and other combinations include co-surfactant/emulsifiers (such as Pluronic F68, F127, tween80, polyvinyl alcohol), preservatives, cryoprotectant, and charge modifiers have been utilised for the stabilisation of lipid dispersion, the combination of emulsifiers might efficiently inhibit particle coagulation, and present a suitable solvent system (Mishra et al.2018). Moreover, lipid NPs with large surface areas exposed to the lyophobic dispersion of SLN suspended in aqueous media, represent an intrinsically unstable system. To avoid NP agglomeration (system coalescence), a neutral surfactant must be included to electrostatically and/or sterically stabilise the SLN (Keck et al.2014).
Lipid-based nanoformulations in the treatment of neurological disorders
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2020
Faheem Hyder Pottoo, Shrestha Sharma, Md. Noushad Javed, Md. Abul Barkat, Md. Sabir Alam, Mohd. Javed Naim, Ozair Alam, Mohammad Azam Ansari, George E. Barreto, Ghulam Md. Ashraf
SLNs have been introduced in the early 1990s and are recognized as a substitute for the conventional colloidal drug carriers, i.e. microparticles, liposomes, microemulsions, and nanoemulsions (Ali Khan et al. 2013; Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi and Omidi 2016). Instead of liquid lipid of emulsion systems, integration of solid lipids such as triglycerides (tri-stearin), fatty acids (stearic acid or palmitic acid), or waxes (cetylpalmitate) to constitute lipophilic core either to dissolve or disperse hydrophobic drugs, stabilization of systems by emulsifiers or stabilizing agents as well as their nanometric size (around 40–200 nm) range, solid lipid depression systems, i.e. SLNs are being considered as first-generation novel lipid drug carriers. The choice of surfactant and its suitability depends on its hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) value as its ability to prevent aggregation of particles and induce changes in the SLN characteristics. The rate of SLN degradation depends on the type of surfactant used and can be modified by the change of surfactant (Üner and Yener 2007). Due to complete absence of liquid lipid as well as the presence of solid lipids only, SLNs are being considered as most stable and rigid in nature; however, this stability bearing some adverse consequences on polymorphism of drugs as well as their fate as well.
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