Dopamine in the Immune and Hematopoietic Systems
Nira Ben-Jonathan in Dopamine, 2020
Angiogenesis is a highly regulated process that takes place through two nonexclusive events of microvascular growth: sprouting or splitting [70]. Sprouting differs from splitting angiogenesis by forming entirely new vessels as opposed to splitting existing vessels. As illustrated in Figure 9.6, sprouting proceeds in several well-characterized stages. First, angiogenic factors [VEGF and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)], released from neighboring cells, bind to their respective receptors on endothelial cells and activate signal transduction pathways. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), produced by the endothelial cells are then activated and degrade the extracellular matrix, enabling an escape of endothelial cells from the parental vessel walls. This is followed by their migration and proliferation. The integrins, expressed by endothelial cells, facilitate their adhesion to the extracellular matrix and the formation of solid sprouts that connect to neighboring vessels. Angiopoietin 1 (Ang-1), binding to Tie-2 receptors, stimulates pericyte recruitment and vessel stabilization. Final vessel maturation and stabilization necessitate additional morphological changes that include lumen formation and perfusion, network establishment, remodeling, and pruning to become full-fledged functional vessels.
Catalog of Herbs
James A. Duke in Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Per 100 g, the leaves are reported to contain, on a zero-moisture basis, 24.8 g protein, 5.4 g fat, 57.4 g total carbohydrate, 10.3 g fiber, 12.4 g ash, 2670 mg Ca, and 460 mg P. The seed contains 5.1 to 5.6% moisture, 12.0 to 16.0% protein, 45.0 to 50.6% oil, 3.1 to 7.0 N-free extract, 23.1 to 27.2% crude fiber, and 2.0 to 2.2% ash. Seeds are high in phosphorus, 90% in the phytic form. The castor oil consists principally of ricinoleic acid with only small amounts of dihydroxystearic, linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids. The unsa-ponifiable matter contains beta-sitosterol. The oilcake from crushing whole seeds contains 9.0% moisture, 6.5% oil, 20.5% protein, 49.0% crude fiber and carbohydrates, and 15.0% ash. The manural value is 6.6% N, 2.6% P2O5, and 1.2% K2O.’ There are 60 mg/kg uric acid and 7 ppm HCN in the seed. The seeds contain a power lipase, employed for commercial hydrolysis of fats; also, amylase, invertase, maltase, endotrypsin, glycolic acid, oxidase, ribonuclease, and a fat-soluble zymogen. Sprouting seeds contain catalase, peroxidase, and reductase.
Characteristics of Alcohol: Definitions, Chemistry, Measurement, Use, and Abuse
John Brick in Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 2012
Whether we are discussing alcohol as a chemical or psychoactive drug, alcohol is a relatively simple molecule, CH3–CH2–OH, formed during a process of fermentation that occurs when yeast combines with water and sugar. The yeast recombines carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and water to form alcohol and carbon dioxide. Different types of alcoholic beverages are derived from the use of different fermenting ingredients. Wine manufacturing, for example, may utilize grapes, apricots, berries, and other fruits that are rich in sugars and provide the necessary oxygen for fermentation. Fermentation continues until a maximum alcohol concentration of about 15 percent is reached, at which point, the concentration of alcohol is so high the yeast dies. Beers are manufactured with a different source of sugar, namely, the starch found in cereal grains, which is enzymatically converted to sugar through a malting process. This process involves sprouting cereal, such as barley, in water. The dried sprouts are then mixed with water. The enzymes formed during sprouting convert starch to sugar, which allows fermentation to proceed. For beers, the process of fermentation is stopped when the alcohol concentration reaches about 3 to 6 percent by volume, although some specialty beers may contain significantly more alcohol. For wines, the process is stopped, or found to be self-limiting, at higher concentrations (typically 11-13 percent by volume). Distillation of fermented beverages allows exceptionally high alcohol concentrations (typically 50–60 percent by volume in some beverages and up to nearly 100 percent in other products) to be obtained.
Evaluation of the anticancer activity of sprout extract-loaded nanoemulsion of N. sativa against hepatocellular carcinoma
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2018
Heena Tabassum, Iffat Zareen Ahmad
Seeds were surface sterilised with 1% HgCl2 for 30 min and rinsed double distilled water and allowed to soak for germination on four folds of damp filter paper moistened with double distilled water and incubated in dark till the initiation of sprouting (3 days), after which they were placed at a light intensity of 100 µ mol m−2 s−1 and a 14/10 h (day/night) photoperiod till 5d sprouts were obtained. The sample 5th day was shade-dried and ground to a fine powder. The powder (20 gm) was extracted with 200 ml methanol solvent for 48 h in order to extract bioactive compounds using soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were filtered using Whatman filter paper (No.1) and methanol was evaporated using rotary distillation apparatus to obtain pure extract. Oily fraction of extracts was stored at 40 °C until use.
Synergistic effects of dual growth factor delivery from composite hydrogels incorporating 2-N,6-O-sulphated chitosan on bone regeneration
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Lingyan Cao, Xiangjun Kong, Shuxian Lin, Shuang Zhang, Jing Wang, Changsheng Liu, Xinquan Jiang
The in vitro sprouting analysis was conducted as previously reported [28,29]. Growth factor reduced Matrigel (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ) was thawed at 4 °C and 100 μL of the fully thawed Matrigel was added into each well of a glass bottom cell culture dish (glass diameter: 15 mm) on ice. The dish was then transferred to a cell culture incubator at 37 °C for 30 min to allow the Matrigel to gel. After HUVECs were cultured for 7 days with the various extracts collected at 10 days, cells were detached by trypsin and then seeded on the gel at a density of 105 cells/dish. After incubation for 4 h at 37 °C in a cell culture incubator, the dishes were observed under confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM, LEICA, Wetzlar, Germany). At least five fields were acquired for each substrate and the total capillary tube length and number of branch points per field were counted by a blinded observer using NIH Image J 1.45 software (Bethesda, MD).
Promoting vascularization for tissue engineering constructs: current strategies focusing on HIF-regulating scaffolds
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2019
Tilman U. Esser, Kaveh Roshanbinfar, Felix B. Engel
However, HIF-regulating scaffolds alone cannot be the answer to the problem of vascularization as native angiogenic programs are inherently slow with angiogenic sprouting speed ranging from ~60–150 μm per day [14,23,52,146]. Thus, vascularization of thick engineered tissues will require days to weeks. Even in tumors, where angiogenic sprouting is significantly accelerated, vascularization takes days [147]. Notably, it has been shown, that incorporation of vascular cells into engineered tissues decreases the time necessary for vascularization and perfusion after transplantation [23], as do surgical techniques were the highly vascularized omentum is utilized [18–20]. Nevertheless, the native angiogenic program cannot be sufficiently accelerated to catch up with cell death, which occurs as a result of oxygen deprivation within the first days after transplantation [17]. Thus, it appears necessary to combine these pro-vascular strategies with approaches to delay hypoxia-induced cell death or to utilize materials releasing oxygen.