Food Additives
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
For example, annatto (E160b, a natural color ingredient found in margarine, Cheshire cheese, smoked fish, and cakes) and tartrazine (a sulfonated dye, E102) have been shown to induce allergic-type reactions in some people. The co-presence of preservative sodium benzoate or potassium benzoate (E212) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C, E300) in soft drinks may lead to the formation of carcinogenic benzene. Preservatives sodium nitrite (E250) and sodium nitrate (E251) used in processed cured meats (e.g., ham and bacon) may be converted into nitrosamines in the stomach, which increase the risk of colorectal cancer in humans. In addition, the preservatives sulfites (e.g., sodium bisulfite [E222], sodium metabisulfite [E223], and potassium bisulfite [E228]) found in wine, beer, and dried fruit may trigger asthmatic episodes and cause migraines in some people. In Australia, about 50 of the 400 currently approved additives have been linked to adverse reactions in people.
Other Applications of Glycerine
Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag in Glycerine, 2018
Straight nitroglycerine dynamites are made 15–60% active, have high detonation capability, and are used only where quick action or a shattering effect are needed. Because they resist water they may be used for underwater blasting, but specifically designed formulations may be better for this application. For example, there is underwater gelation dynamite which is a mixture of a colloidal solution of nitroglycerine and nitrocotton. The product also is mixed with sodium nitrate and wood meal. The result is a product that has plastic consistency, which may be extruded through preset molds in any shape desired.
The Effect of Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Juice on Markers of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Intervention Trials
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2022
Louise Jones, Stephen J. Bailey, Samantha N. Rowland, Nehal Alsharif, Oliver M. Shannon, Tom Clifford
One study administered nitrate as sodium nitrate (Menezes et al. 2019); the rest provided nitrate as beetroot juice. One study (Clifford, Bell et al. 2016) included two arms, differentiated by a high-dose and low-dose: data from these arms were pooled together in the meta-analysis using the Review Manager Calculator to generate a single mean, SD and sample size (Higgins and Green 2011a). One study included a beetroot juice and sodium nitrate arm (Clifford, Howatson et al. 2017). However, because beetroot juice and sodium nitrate contain different bioactive compounds (Clifford, Howatson et al. 2017), it was deemed inappropriate to combine these two arms. We also could not include them in the same meta-analysis as separate effect sizes because they would not be statistically independent and could introduce bias (López-López et al. 2018). As such, we excluded the sodium nitrate arm from our meta-analysis. Thus, all study data included in the meta-analysis were obtained following beetroot juice supplementation.
Circulating nitric oxide metabolites and the risk of cardiometabolic outcomes: a prospective population-based study
Published in Biomarkers, 2019
Parvin Mirmiran, Zahra Bahadoran, Zhaleh Tahmasebinejad, Fereidoun Azizi, Asghar Ghasemi
Serum NOx concentration was measured using the Griess method with slight modifications (Miranda et al.2001). This method has been validated in our laboratory (Ghasemi et al.2007, Ghasemi and Zahediasl 2012). Briefly, serum proteins were precipitated with zinc sulphate (15 mg/mL), samples were centrifuged, following which 100 µl of the supernatants were dispensed into microplate wells; 100 µl vanadium trichloride (8 mg/mL prepared in 1 M HCl), 50 µl sulphanilamide (2%) and 50 µl N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine (0.1%) were added to each well and incubated for 30 min at 37 °C. The absorbance was read at 540 nm by a microplate reader (Sunrise, Tecan, Austria). NOx concentrations were determined in the samples, using a standard calibration curve established by 2.5–100 μM of sodium nitrate (NaNO3). Inter- and Intra-assay coefficients of variations of the NOx measurements were 5.2 and 4.4%, respectively. Sensitivity of the assay was 2.0 μmol/L and its recovery was 93 ± 1.5% (Ghasemi et al.2013).
Therapeutic effects of fluted pumpkin seeds on cadmium-induced testicular injury
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Ogechukwu E. Ezim, Sunny O. Abarikwu
Nitrite concentration both in the serum and tissue samples were evaluated according to the method of Singh et al. (2015). Briefly, the samples were precipitated with 5% ZnSO4 and then centrifuged at 5000 × g at 4 °C for 10 min. The supernatant was mixed with freshly prepared Griess reagent (1% sulfanilamide in 5% phosphoric acid and 0.1% N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine hydrochloride in water) in a 1:1 ratio and kept in the dark for 20 min at room temperature. The absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 540 nm. The concentration of nitrite was extrapolated from a sodium nitrate standard curve (0–500 µmol/mL). Protein concentrations in the samples were determined as described by Lowry et al. (1951).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Ammonia
- Chemical Compound
- Nitrate
- Potassium Nitrate
- Preservative
- Chemical Formula
- Salt
- Niter
- X-Ray Crystallography
- Haber Process