Safeguarding Musculoskeletal Structures from Food Technology’s Untoward Metabolic Effects
Kohlstadt Ingrid, Cintron Kenneth in Metabolic Therapies in Orthopedics, Second Edition, 2018
2.Avoiding select emulsifiers may be adequate. While all emulsifiers act to enhance permeability, those that exist naturally in the diet don’t raise as much concern as others. For example, lecithin is an emulsifier found in food naturally and is considered a safer additive than carrageenan and carboxymethyl cellulose. While carrageenan is “natural” because it is extracted from red seaweed, it is not a customary component of food and is not “natural” to the human diet. Carboxymethyl cellulose is also “natural” because it’s derived from cellulose which is made water-soluble through chemical reactions, but cellulose is not naturally digestible by humans. Synthetically-derived emulsifiers include polysorbates, currently used in medicines and vaccines with rising debate. I share the sentiments of Dr. George Lundberg voiced in his Medscape editorial [11].
Injectable Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Repair and Augmentation
Naznin Sultana, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Chin Fhong Soon in Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration, 2020
Bacterial nanocellulose (BC) has also been employed as a template for the ordered formation of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CdHAP) (Chang and Zhang 2011). The BC-CdHAP nanocomposites were produced by introducing the mineral phase into the bacteria culture media. The results indicated formation of CdHAP spherical clusters, composed of nanosized crystallites, which could be attributed to the similarity of natural bone apatite with CdHAP precursor (Chang and Zhang 2011). The injectable nanocomposites could exploit the bioactivity of CdHAP and biocompatibility of the BC hydrogel for potential orthopedic applications. It was reported that use of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) reduced the average diameter of cellulose fibers significantly (almost 50% lower) than that of unmodified fibers (Chang and Zhang 2011, Polo-Corrales et al. 2014). In another attempt, BC-HAp nanocomposite membranes were tested in noncritical bone defects in rat tibiae for upto16 weeks. In vivo tests showed absence of any inflammatory reaction after 1 week, while, all defects were found to be completely filled in by regenerated bone tissue (Ginebra and Montufar 2014). Phogat and Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh have reported development of nanocellulose mediated bio-nanocomposite injectable hydrogel as bone graft substitute (Phogat and Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh 2018). They incorporated ultrafine-flurocanasite glass ceramic particulates within wheat straw derived nanocellulose matrix and the resulting bio-nanocomposite hydrogel demonstarted tunable vicoelasticity, self-standing property, and injectability.
Polysaccharide-Based Polymers in Cosmetics
E. Desmond Goddard, James V. Gruber in Principles of Polymer Science and Technology in Cosmetics and Personal Care, 1999
2. Seminatural Anionic Polysaccharides Cellulose Gum (Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose). The functional characteristics of many natural polysaccharides can be dramatically improved by chemical modification of the native polysaccharide. Cellulose gum, more precisely termed sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), is a chemically altered derivative of cellulose (82-87). Cellulose is a naturally occurring, structural polysaccharide found in all plants (88). It is isolated commercially from cotton linters and also from wood after removal of various other components such as lignin and hemicellulose.
New therapeutic system based on hydrogels for vaginal candidiasis management: formulation–characterization and in vitro evaluation based on vaginal irritation and direct contact test
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Muhammet Davut Arpa, Ayşegül Yoltaş, Ecehan Onay Tarlan, Cemre Şahin Şenyüz, Hande Sipahi, Ahmet Aydın, Neslihan Üstündağ Okur
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC), a cellulose derivative, is a low-cost, water-soluble polymer (Kumar et al. 2014). This semi-synthetic polymer is often included in topical formulations (Gajdošová et al. 2016). Carbopol is a cross-linked polymer of polyacrylic acid with allyl sucrose or allyl penta erythritol (Asane et al. 2008). This water-soluble high molecular weight polymer has the ability to form good gelation (Mundhey et al. 2015; Russo et al. 2016; Üstündağ Okur et al. 2019a). Chitosan, is a natural substance derived from partial deacetylation of chitin; in fact, is a polysaccharide with various molecular weights, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity (Caramella et al. 2010). Given that chitosan can be dissolved only in an aqueous acidic medium, various chitosan derivatives are developed, to improve its hydrophilicity (Filippousi et al. 2015; Siafaka et al. 2016b, 2016d).
Docetaxel-carboxymethylcellulose nanoparticles ameliorate CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2018
Chih-Chun Chang, Yang Yang, Dong-Yu Gao, Hui-Teng Cheng, Bryan Hoang, Po-Han Chao, Ling-Hsuan Chen, Joseph Bteich, Tsaiyu Chiang, Jia-Yu Liu, Shyh-Dar Li, Yunching Chen
DTX was purchased from LC Laboratories (Woburn, MA). Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) sodium salt (CEKOL 30000-P, MW =275 K, degree of substitution =0.82) was obtained from CPKelco (Atlanta, GA). Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (mPEGOH, MW =2000), 1-ethyl-3–(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide HCl (EDC HCl), glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, sulphuric acid, acetone, acetonitrile, N-hydroxysuccinimide and 4-dimethylaminopyridine were received from Sigma Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada). Hydrophobic fluorescent dye DiI (1, 10-dioctadecyl-3, 3, 30, 30-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate, D-307) was obtained from Invitrogen (Burlington, ON, Canada). Ultra-pure water was prepared using Milli-Q Synthesis system (Millipore, Billerrica, MA). Slide-a-Lyzer dialysis cartridges were purchased from pierce Biotechnology (Rockford, IL). Vivaspin 10 kDa MWCO ultracentrifugation filters were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Ottawa, ON, Canada). All other general laboratory chemicals were received from Fisher Scientific (Ottawa, ON, Canada) and VWR scientific (Mississauga, ON, Canada). Paclitaxel (Taxol®) was obtained from the Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (Taipei, Taiwan). Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), olive oil and paraformaldehyde were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
Optimization of nanovesicular carriers of a poorly soluble drug using factorial design methodology and artificial neural network by applying quality by design approach
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Marwa H. S. Dawoud, Ahmed M. Fayez, Reem A. Mohamed, Nabila M. Sweed
Rosuvastatin calcium (batch number A32700), was supplied as a generous gift from Global Napi Pharmaceutical Company (Cairo, Egypt). Precirol® ATO 5 (glycerol distearate) and Compritol® 888 ATO (Glyceryldibehenate/behenate) were received as gifts from GatteFosse (Lyon, France). Tween® 20 [polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitanmonolaurate] was procured from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA), Tween® 80 [polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitanmonooleate] from Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain), Stearic acid from Piochem (Giza, Egypt), Oleic acid from Oxford Labchem (Maharashtra, India) and Castor oil from UCCMA (Cairo, Egypt). Hydrochloric acid was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany) and Poloxamer® 188 [Pluronic F68 polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene (150:29) block copolymer] from Caisson Smithfield (UT, USA). Methanol was purchased from ADWIC Company (Al Qalyubeya, Egypt). All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade. Fructose for the in-vivo study was obtained from UNIPHARMA Co. (El-Obour City, Cairo, Egypt), while sheep tail fat and hydrogenated oil were from commercial sources. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose was obtained from Chemajet Pharmaceutical Industries (Cairo, Egypt).
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