Hair Styling/Fixative Products
Dale H. Johnson in Hair and Hair Care, 2018
Early hair sprays utilized solutions of the naturally occurring resinous material shellac, dissolved in alcohol. These products had severe limitations, however, in that the resin was hard and brittle, making it difficult to remove from the hair by shampooing. For a discussion on the history of hair sprays, the authors refer the reader to R. Lochhead’s History of Polymers in Hair Care(42).
Capsule Shell Manufacture
Larry L. Augsburger, Stephen W. Hoag in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 2017
Edible ink used in this process is mostly based on shellac. This is a natural polymer obtained as exudates from an insect, Kerria lacca (Coccideae), and is collected from trees in India and South Asia.13 These insects live on trees and feed by sucking nourishment from them. They exude the raw shellac onto the branches where it dries; pieces are collected, liquefied by heat, and filtered to remove pieces of bark and insect parts. It is also known as “confectioner’s glaze” and is widely used in the food industry. Solutions of 40% shellac in organic solvents are used as the base for ink manufacture.11 Organic solvents are used because the ink has to dry rapidly because the time between it being applied to capsules and their exit from the machine into a container is very short. If the drying is incomplete, ink will be transferred to other capsules, making unsightly marks on their surfaces. Mixtures of solvents are used to obtain the required drying rates. The solvents used are governed by regulations that have been harmonized through the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), which rates solvents into three toxicological classes ranging from ones to be avoided to those with low toxic potential.14,15 Solvents in each class have been assigned a permitted daily exposure (PDE) limit. The level of residual solvents remaining in capsules is extremely low as the amount of ink applied to a capsule is on the order of 1 to 3 μL and the solvents are lost as the ink dries. Inks are colored using pigments, iron oxides and titanium dioxide, and the lake form of soluble dyes. High concentrations of pigment are used in order to produce relatively stable suspensions. Other additives are used to improve the functionality of the inks such as additional suspending agents, hypromellose (required to maintain the consistency of color throughout a run), and surface active agents, such as dimethicone and lecithin, to improve the fill of the etchings and its transfer to the rubber off-set roller.
Natural Products and Stem Cells and Their Commercial Aspects in Cosmetics
Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters in Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Shellac is one of the oldest styling aids and resin-like secretion produced by the Kerria lacca insect that lives in India. Shellac is a hydrophobic material that is used in hair sprays and some foundations (Corbeil et al., 2000).
Drug coated balloons and their role in bifurcation coronary angioplasty: appraisal of the current evidence and future directions
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Sudhir Rathore, Shana Tehrani, Deiti Prvulovic, Mario Araya, Thierry Lefèvre, Adrian P Banning, Francesco Burzotta, Gianluca Rigatelli, Juan Luis Gutierrez-Chico, Klaus Bonaventura, Bernard Chevalier, Yoshihisa Kinoshita, Jozica Sikic, Fernando Alfonso, Yves Louvard, Goran Stankovic
The anti-proliferative drugs reduce the neo-intimal tissue growth. Prior to DCB use, an adequate preparation of the lesions, using a standard balloon angioplasty, must be performed to achieve an optimal angiographic result. Following the initial research undertaken by Scheller et al [31]. Several companies started commercializing and developing DCBs [34–35] . The current major providers of the DCBs in the global market are shown in Table 1. The Dior DCB made by Euro Cor was the first DCB to earn a CE mark clearance in 2007. The drug was embedded in its microporous balloon surface, which eluted during a 1-min balloon expansion. Newer generations of balloons use shellac as a carrier. SeQuent® Please (NEO) is a newer generation of Drug-Coated Balloons marketed by B. Braun which has polymer-free matrix coating with paclitaxel/iopromide drug and provides a targeted drug delivery. Its efficacy has been proven in BASKET-SMALL 2 which proved non-inferiority to DES in clinical endpoints [36].
Haematoxylin – the story of the blues
Published in British Journal of Biomedical Science, 2018
It is generally accepted that the hematein forms a complex or ‘lake’ with the metal iron molecules. The nature of these complexes is still not fully understood. The word ‘lake’ is in fact derived from the original word ‘Lacca’. Kerria Lacca is an insect found in India and Thailand, and from which shellac is obtained. The female Lacca insect secrete a deposit on the trees, which is sold as flakes and dissolved in ethanol to make Shellac, popularly used as a wood finish (French polish) and also in nail varnish (chip free). Over time the term lacca or ‘lac’ has changed to lake and now this is generic term for all dye–mordant complexes [12]. Put simply, a dye lake is a chelate formed from a mordant dye and a metal and is a complex formed between a polyvalent metal ion and dyes.
Shellac- a natural carrier for colon targeting of indomethacin using hot melt extrusion
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Dnyaneshwar N. Kapote, Karl G. Wagner
Indomethacin (IND) is a weak acid belonging to BCS II with pH-dependent solubility 1.51 µg/ml at pH 1.2 [27], 42.6 µg/ml at pH 5.5 and 388.5 µg/ml at pH 6.8 [28] as equilibrium solubility. It has been reported that the orally administered IND shows dose-dependent systemic and upper gastrointestinal tract side-effects [29]. Thus, there is a need to overcome this GIT side-effect using a formulation having no release in the upper GIT tract and controlled release of the formulation at the colonic site leading to an effective therapeutic concentration. A pH-dependent targeting approach would hence improve drug safety and efficacy. Asghar et. al prepared controlled release formulations of indomethacin for colon specific delivery using Eudragit L100 and S100 in matrix-based tablets using xanthan gum. They prepared the directly compressible extended release matrix tablets and found the negligible release of IND in acidic media pH 1.1 for 2 h; with pH shift to 7.4, the extended release of indomethacin started for a period of 14 to 16 h controlled by erosion [8]. The objective of the present study was firstly to assess the feasibility of shellac as a matrix polymer in SD preparation and to, test subsequently its gastric protective effect against pH shift during dissolution alone, and in combination with a pH-independent soluble HPMC polymer grade of low molecular weight for the generation of a delayed-release formulation without the need for coating. As a comparison to the pH-dependent soluble excipient Shellac, Eudragit FS as a pH-dependent soluble polymethacrylate has been chosen. SDs of IND were prepared using HME, characterized for their solid-state properties and stability upon storage. Furthermore, the impact of storage and residual crystallinity of the SD on the dissolution kinetics was assessed.
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