What is iodine?
Tatsuo Kaiho in Iodine Made Simple, 2017
From ancient times, seaweed ash has been used as an ingredient for glass and fertilizers in the Brittany and Normandy regions of northwest France. In particular, during the Napoleonic Wars in the early nineteenth century, saltpeter (potassium nitrate, KNO3), a component of gunpowder, was widely manufactured from seaweed, which is a souse of potassium. When manufacturing saltpeter, Bernard Courtois, a chemist, added too much sulfuric acid to seaweed ash, causing the iodine to evaporate and creating iodine crystals. To this day, the historic ruins of a stone seaweed incinerator can be seen in Brittany. Furthermore a monument to the discovery of iodine and buildings of the old iodine factory can be seen near the coast.
N
Anton Sebastian in A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Nitric Acid [Greek: nitro, soda] Also called aqua fortis, prepared by an alchemist and medical missionary in Africa, Raymond Fully (1235–1312) in 1287. Saltpetre was shown to contain nitric acid and potash by Robert Boyle (1627–1691) in 1661. Nitrous acid was discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786) in 1774, and Henry Cavendish (1731–1810) demonstrated its nature in 1785. A modern process of making it from ammonia was invented by Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932), German professor of chemistry at Feipzig.
Rasayana preparations
In Ayurveda five types of salts are recognised. Out of these a man-made preparation called black salt is considered a good carminative and is included in many formulations for digestive problems. It is prepared by fusing saltpetre (nitre), Terminalia chebula, and common salt. In the presence of organic matter at high temperatures the salt turns into a deep violet amorphous mass.
Multi-parametric groundwater quality and human health risk assessment vis-à-vis hydrogeochemical process in an Agri-intensive region of Indus basin, Punjab, India
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Vijay Jaswal, Ravishankar Kumar, Prafulla Kumar Sahoo, Sunil Mittal, Ajay Kumar, Sunil Kumar Sahoo, Yogalakshmi Kadapakkam Nandabalan
The study area comprises of a flat alluvial plain that belongs to the Indo-Gangetic alluvium formed during the quaternary period of geological time scale. The whole district is divided into three terrains Satluj floodplain, sand-dune-infested tract and upland plain (MSME 2020 ). Sandy clay with saltpeter encrustations and clay with sporadic sandy nodules are recognized as the major geological formations. Saltpetre contains a significant amount of potassium and sodium nitrate, unlike chloride, sulfate, and carbonate present in minor fractions. The northern part of the study area possesses sierozem soil, while the southern part consists of sandy soils. Fazilka district is drained by two major rivers, Sutlej in the west and Beas in the north. Phidda drain, Taroori drain, Chand Bhan drain and Sem Nala are the other natural drainages that carry rainwater. Groundwater occurs in both unconfined and confined conditions. The detailed geological map of the study area is provided in Supplementary data (Supplementary Figure S1).
Leg ulceration with histological features of pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Usman Asad, Sheevam Shah, Palak Parekh
PXE-like elastic fibers have also been seen in patients with calciphylaxis.1 However, these fibers tend to be straight with transverse fractures, unlike the crinkled-looking fibers seen in PXE. Often, they are accompanied by luminal thrombi and calcification of vessel walls.1 Lupus-associated renal failure, idiopathic hypercalcemia with secondary calcinosis cutis, necrobiosis lipoidica, exposure to saltpeter, and osteoectasia are other documented conditions of abnormal calcium metabolism showing histological findings of PXE without clinical manifestations.5–8 Hypotheses have included an atypical form of PXE being a predisposing factor to the development of calciphylaxis and chronically elevated levels of calcium saturate fibrillin leading to calcification and fragmentation of elastic fibers. The calcification observed in our patient may also have simply been due to chronic inflammation (dystrophic calcification).
Preparation and characterization of co-processed starch/MCC/chitin hydrophilic polymers onto magnesium silicate
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Shereen M. Assaf, Mai Subhi Khanfar, Ahmed Bassam Farhan, Iyad Said Rashid, Adnan Ali Badwan
Commercial maize starch was purchased from Beijing Quanfeng Starch Company (China). Chitin, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous were obtained from BICHEM (Shanghai, China). Microcrystalline cellulose, MCC (Avicel PH 200) was obtained from FMC Biopolymer (Philadelphia, PA, USA). Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3.5H2O) was obtained from BDH (Poole, England). Sunset yellow solution and Sodium chloride were obtained from Analytical Rasayan Laboratory (India). Ibuprofen powder and Mg chloride (MgCl2.6H2O) were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Commercial ibuprofen immediate-release tablets (400 mg, Remofen®, Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC, Jordan) were purchased from the local market in Jordan. Sodium hydroxide was obtained from Frutarom LTD (UK). Potassium nitrate and Mg nitrate (Mg(NO3)2.6H2O) were obtained from Scharlau (Spain). Water used in this work was distilled and deionized. All reagents used were of analytical grade. All chemicals were used as supplied.
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