Riboflavin
Judy A. Driskell, Ira Wolinsky in Sports Nutrition, 2005
Riboflavin, or vitamin B, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in many metabolic reactions. Consisting of an isoalloxazine ring, it is chemically referred to as 7,8-dimethyl-10-(1’-D-ribity). Riboflavin is responsible for the synthesis of coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which are important in the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, glycerol and amino acids for energy. Specifically, FMN and FAD are critical coenzymes involved in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and β-oxidation. These coenzymes act as electron carriers and assist in redox reactions classified as dehydrogenases, oxidases and monooxygenases by serving as either one-electron (FMNH, FADH) or two-electron (FMNH, FADH) acceptors or donors. Additionally, riboflavin is involved in the conversion of vitamin B into its functional coenzyme. The majority of riboflavin found in food is in the form of FAD. Smaller amounts are present in the form of FMN and free riboflavin, which is an isoalloxazine ring bound to a ribitol side chain, with the absorption half-life of about 1.1 h. Flavins that are covalently bound do not appear to be available for absorption. However, FAD and FMN are predominantly in a non-covalently-bound form attached to an enzyme. FAD and FMN must be hydrolyzed to riboflavin before absorption can occur.
Neurology and Nutrition
Mary J. Marian, Gerard E. Mullin in Integrating Nutrition Into Practice, 2017
Those prone to migraine have been shown to have increased vulnerability to oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, those with migraine are more likely to have polymorphisms of their 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR), as well as increased hypercoagulability markers associated with stroke such as homocysteine and lipoprotein A. The use of supplements and botanicals target these areas of vulnerability. Riboflavin: High-dose riboflavin (200 or 400 mg) alone may contribute to decreased frequency of headaches, with better response to abortive therapy than placebo. Though riboflavin has not been shown to effectively prevent pediatric migraine in some studies at doses of 50–200 mg, these studies were complicated by unprecedented response to placebo treatments. In general, riboflavin may improve the cumulative effect of combination therapy in migraine, as seen further in studies outlined below. Magnesium: Intracellular magnesium levels have been found to be reduced in population with migraines. Ongoing oral repletion of magnesium reduces frequency and intensity of events. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, magnesium oxide supplements led to significant reduction in headache days in people who suffered from migraine. Average doses may range from 400 to 600 mg. CoQ10: Patients with migraine commonly have deficiency in CoQ10 levels and show improvement in headache frequency and intensity with repletion. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of pediatric and adolescent migraine, CoQ10 at 1–3 mg/kg/day was shown to improve frequency significantly in the first 4 weeks of treatment, though both groups showed benefit by the last 4 weeks. Other studies support this finding. Seventy-five percent of children with refractory cyclic vomiting syndrome, also thought to stem in part from mitochondrial dysfunction, improved or resolved with a combination of CoQ10 (10 mg/kg/day, max 200 mg/day), l-carnitine (100 mg/kg/day divided bid, max 2 g/day), and amitryptiline. Feverfew: Botanical approaches, such as feverfew, have been shown to have efficacy in migraineurs. In one study, a sublingual feverfew-ginger product was found to be effective as an abortive therapy in the early stages of a migraine.
Vitamins, trace elements and metals
Martin Andrew Crook in Clinical Biochemistry & Metabolic Medicine, 2013
Riboflavin is found in large amounts in yeasts and germinating plants such as peas and beans, and in smaller amounts in fish, poultry and meat, especially offal.
Riboflavin as an independent and accurate biomarker for adherence in a randomized double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial
Published in Biomarkers, 2017
V-M. S. Ramanujam, Fatima Nayeem, Karl E. Anderson, Yong-Fang Kuo, Nai-Wei Chen, Hyunsu Ju, Lee-Jane W. Lu
Background: Medication adherence is critical for success of clinical trials. Objective: To assess oral riboflavin is an adherence marker. Methods: Riboflavin was incorporated into active treatment and placebo pills for a clinical trial lasting for 2 years. Results: The accuracy (area under the receiver operating curve) of urinary riboflavin was 0.91 as a binary classifier of adherence, and was similar or better than for two active study ingredients daidzein (0.92) and genistein (0.87) (all p
Plasma Riboflavin Level is Associated with Risk, Relapse, and Survival of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2017
Shan-Shan Li, Yi-Wei Xu, Jian-Yi Wu, Hua-Zhen Tan, Zhi-Yong Wu, Yu-Jie Xue, Jian-Jun Zhang, En-Min Li, Li-Yan Xu
Riboflavin is an essential micronutrient for normal cellular activity, and deficiency may result in disease, such as cancer. We performed a case-control study to explore the association of riboflavin levels with risk and prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Plasma riboflavin levels, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in ESCC patients were significantly lower than in those of healthy controls (7.04 ± 6.34 ng/ml vs. 9.32 ± 12.40 ng/ml; P < 0.05). Moreover, there was an inverse relationship between riboflavin level and risk of ESCC (odds ratio (OR) = 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.95–0.99, P = 0.02). The 5-year relapse-free and overall survival rates were significantly lower when riboflavin levels were ≤0.8 ng/ml than >0.8 ng/ml (relapse-free survival rate: 29.4% vs. 54.8%; overall survival rate: 28.6% vs. 55.6%). Plasma riboflavin level was an independent protective factor for both relapse-free (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.325, 95% CI = 0.161–0.657, P = 0.002) and overall survival of ESCC patients (HR = 0.382, 95% CI = 0.190–0.768, P = 0.007). In conclusion, plasma riboflavin levels are significantly related to risk and prognosis of ESCC patients, suggesting that moderate supplementation of riboflavin will decrease risk and prevent recurrence of ESCC and also improve prognosis of ESCC patients.
Riboflavin Status and Its Association with Serum hs-CRP Levels among Clinical Nurses with Depression
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2011
Mahshid Naghashpour, Reza Amani, R Nutr, Sorur Nematpour, Mohammad Hosein Haghighizadeh
Objective: The objective of present study was to assess the relationship between the dietary intake and blood status of riboflavin and the prevalence of systemic inflammation among both depressed and nondepressed nurses. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on 98 female clinical nurses (45 depressed and 53 nondepressed subjects). Depression status was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory. We assessed dietary intake of riboflavin using 3-day 24-hour recalls. The serum concentrations of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were also measured. Riboflavin status was assessed as the erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient (EGRAC). Results: Marginal riboflavin deficiency was more prevalent in depressed subjects (P = 0.028). The results of the dietary intake and status of riboflavin were classified to 3 tertiles of serum hs-CRP levels. In both nondepressed and depressed subjects, there was no significant difference between hs-CRP tertiles in dietary intakes of riboflavin, EGRAC, or riboflavin deficiencies. Conclusion: This study showed a higher prevalence of marginal riboflavin deficiency in depressed subjects. We found no association between dietary intake and status of riboflavin with low-grade systematic inflammation in nondepressed and depressed clinical nurses.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Flavin
- Flavin Mononucleotide
- Flavins
- Nadh Dehydrogenase
- Metabolism
- Adenine Dinucleotide
- Enzyme Cofactors