Plant Source Foods
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Rapeseed oil is the oil extracted from the seed of rape or colza or canola that is the Brassica genus of the Cruciferae family (broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower). Rapeseed is intended for the production of culinary oils and biodiesel. The byproduct of oil production is rich in protein and is used as animal feeds. Rapeseed oil is lower in saturates (6.6 g/100 g) than all other vegetable oils, high in mono-unsaturated fatty acids (59.3 g/100 g), and has a high ALA (9.6 g/100 g) and lower LA (19.7 g/100 g) content compared to other vegetable oils (273). It therefore provides a good balance of omega-3 to omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, rapeseed oils produced from the cultivars of Brassica napus or Crambe abyssinica are rich in erucic acid (55–60%) which is toxic to cardiac muscles (273–275). In addition, rapeseed oils contain glucosinolates, which interfere with the uptake of iodine by the thyroid gland in animals (273). Rapeseed is cheap; therefore, it is used to produce biodiesel. Rapeseed oil is commonly used as a cooking oil, in pan frying and salad dressings.
Chemistry of Essential Oils
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Figure 6.29 shows some of the plant-derived feedstocks used in the synthesis of lipids and polyketides (Sell, 2006). Rapeseed oil provides erucic acid (173) that can be ozonolyzed to give brassylic acid (174) and heptanal (175), both useful building blocks. The latter can also be obtained, together with undecylenic acid (176), by pyrolysis of ricinoleic acid (177) that is available from castor oil. Treatment of undecylenic acid (176) with acid leads to movement of the double bond along the chain and eventual cyclization to give γ-undecalactone (178), which has been found in narcissus oils. Aldol condensation of heptanal (175) with cyclopentanone, followed by Baeyer–Villiger oxidation, gives δ-dodecalactone (179), identified in the headspace of tuberose. Such aldol reactions, followed by appropriate further conversions, are important in the commercial production of analogues of methyl jasmonate (26) and jasmone (27).
Inhibiting Insulin Resistance and Accumulation of Triglycerides and Cholesterol in the Liver
Christophe Wiart in Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
In a double blind clinical trial, 30 g of oil seeds from a member of the family Brassicaceae given daily for 6 weeks to hypercholesterolaemic subjects reduced serums total cholesterol from 6.1 to 5.7 mmol/L and low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol was reduced by 5.4%.218 The oil expressed from the seeds of Brassica napus L. commonly known as rapeseed oil contains notably oleic acid, α-linolenic, and linoleic acid.219 Polyunsaturated linoleic acid such as α-linolenic are known to lower plasma cholesterol220 presumably because they are nonlinear and hamper the formation of very low-density lipoproteins in the liver.95,220 Oleic is the favorite substrate for acyl cholesterol acyl transferase and increase of this monounsaturated fatty acid may decrease unesterified cholesterol hepatocytes contents and as a consequence increase low-density lipoprotein receptor expression and liver X receptor inactivation.221 Indole-3-carbinol, a common constituent of members in the family Brassicaceae, at a concentration of 50 µg/mL reduced the secretion of apolipoprotein B by HepG2 cells by 40%, halved both synthesis and secretion of triglycerides, reduced the synthesis of cholesterol by 50% and reduced cholesterol secretion by 38%.222 That alkaloid decreased diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 and 2 by 56% and 59%, and reduced fatty acid synthetase expression by 25% and acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase expression by 34%.222 This treatment inhibited the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 by 44% and 37%, respectively.222 The enzymatic activity of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein was reduced by 17%.222
Comparing of the effects of sesame oil and rapeseed oil versus suet oil and animal butter on the reproductive system of male rats
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2022
Behrooz Yahyaei, Miromid Safari
Suet oil is categorized in the animal oils and popular in the Middle East and Africa. Sesame oil is mostly composed of unsaturated fatty acids with one or several unsaturated bonds (43.3% and 41.1%, respectively), oleic fatty acids (39.09%), linoleic (40.39%) and lignin, which has lots of phytosterol effects (10). Rapeseed oil is the second most important oil in the world after Soy Oil. This oil has lots of PUFAs. Rapeseed also contains tocopherol (100–115.9 milligrams/10 gram), phytosterol (459–500 milligrams/100gram), polyphenol (0–7.148 milligrams/100 grams) and other nutrients (11). According to the increasing rate of infertility among men and lack of enough molecular evidences about the effects of various diets on male fertility, this study aimed to determine the effect of rapeseed and sesame oil, in comparison with the animal butter and suet oil, on the reproductive system and sperm quality of male rats.
A review on neuropharmacological role of erucic acid: an omega-9 fatty acid from edible oils
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
J. B. Senthil Kumar, Bhawna Sharma
Erucic acid (EA) is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid denoted as 22:1ω9 or 22:1 n-9, which is an ingredient of rapeseed oil, mustard oil and canola oil (Figure 6). These oils are major sources of vegetable oil for nutritional purposes on a global scale. The rural population in north and east India, mustard oil is preferred over other oils due to its nutty and pungent flavour and also for its high smoke point (250°C) since Indian cooking conditions for deep frying can raise the oil temperature above 170°C [82]. Similarly, EA is also highly also consumed by Eskimos and other asian populations with no history of toxicity [83]. Moreover, it is considered to be healthy edible oil due to its low in SFA content, high alpha-linolenic acid (8%–15%) content, and a good n6:n3 ratio (6:5). Rapeseed-mustard oil contains high amount of EA, varied from 14% to 33% in the lipids [84]. The physical and biological feature of a lipid largely depends on the positional distribution of fatty acids, esterified to carbon atoms of glycerol moiety to form TAG structure [85]. In case of EA, the first (sn-1) and third (sn-3) positions are esterified in the TAG moiety [86]. Fatty acids located at second position (sn-2) of the TAG are faster released than fatty acids at positions first (sn-1) and third (sn-3) [87]. According to European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the apparent digestibility coefficients of EA in different species was found to be between 58% and 100% [87].
Pulmonary drug delivery with aerogels: engineering of alginate and alginate–hyaluronic acid microspheres
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Tamara Athamneh, Adil Amin, Edit Benke, Rita Ambrus, Pavel Gurikov, Irina Smirnova, Claudia S. Leopold
Sodium Alginate (Alg) (MW 100 –200 kD and viscosity of 1% solution in water is 15–25 cps) and Naproxen (CAS: 22204-52-1) were supplied by Sigma Aldrich, Germany. Hyaluronic acid (HA) sodium salt (Glucuronic acid approximately 50%, pH (0.1% solution): 6–7.5) of cosmetic grade was purchased from China Xi’an Trend, China. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was supplied by Magnesia, Germany. Ethanol (purity: 99.8%) and glacial acetic acid (purity: 100%) were provided by Carl Roth, Germany. Span® 80 was obtained from Merck. Carbon dioxide (purity: ≥ 99.5%) was supplied by Praxair, Germany. Rapeseed oil was purchased from Henry Lamotte Oils, Germany. Phosphate buffer tablets were purchased from Th. Geyer, Germany.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cabbage
- Chlorophyll
- Erucic Acid
- Rapeseed
- Vegetable Oil
- Cardiac Muscle
- Cooking Oil
- Glucosinolate
- Generally Recognized as Safe
- Mustard Plant