Plant Source Foods
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Rapeseed oil is the oil extracted from the seed of rape or colza or canola that is the Brassica genus of the Cruciferae family (broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower). Rapeseed is intended for the production of culinary oils and biodiesel. The byproduct of oil production is rich in protein and is used as animal feeds. Rapeseed oil is lower in saturates (6.6 g/100 g) than all other vegetable oils, high in mono-unsaturated fatty acids (59.3 g/100 g), and has a high ALA (9.6 g/100 g) and lower LA (19.7 g/100 g) content compared to other vegetable oils (273). It therefore provides a good balance of omega-3 to omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, rapeseed oils produced from the cultivars of Brassica napus or Crambe abyssinica are rich in erucic acid (55–60%) which is toxic to cardiac muscles (273–275). In addition, rapeseed oils contain glucosinolates, which interfere with the uptake of iodine by the thyroid gland in animals (273). Rapeseed is cheap; therefore, it is used to produce biodiesel. Rapeseed oil is commonly used as a cooking oil, in pan frying and salad dressings.
Chemistry of Essential Oils
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Figure 6.29 shows some of the plant-derived feedstocks used in the synthesis of lipids and polyketides (Sell, 2006). Rapeseed oil provides erucic acid (173) that can be ozonolyzed to give brassylic acid (174) and heptanal (175), both useful building blocks. The latter can also be obtained, together with undecylenic acid (176), by pyrolysis of ricinoleic acid (177) that is available from castor oil. Treatment of undecylenic acid (176) with acid leads to movement of the double bond along the chain and eventual cyclization to give γ-undecalactone (178), which has been found in narcissus oils. Aldol condensation of heptanal (175) with cyclopentanone, followed by Baeyer–Villiger oxidation, gives δ-dodecalactone (179), identified in the headspace of tuberose. Such aldol reactions, followed by appropriate further conversions, are important in the commercial production of analogues of methyl jasmonate (26) and jasmone (27).
Fat
Geoffrey P. Webb in Nutrition, 2019
Soya oil and sunflower oil are two vegetable oils that are typical of many vegetable oils in that they are low in saturates and high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. In most vegetable oils, the n6 polyunsaturated fatty acids predominate. Olive oil and rapeseed (canola) oil are the most widely eaten examples of fats that are particularly high in monounsaturates and low in saturates. Rapeseed oil also has a relatively high proportion of n3 polyunsaturated acids. The composition of the two tropical oils shown in Table 12.1 (coconut and palm oil) shows that there are exceptions to the general observation that vegetable oils are low in saturates and high in unsaturated fatty acids. On the simple basis of the proportions of the three main types of fatty acids, palm oil is quite similar in its make-up to lard. Coconut oil contains a particularly high proportion (around 78%) of medium-chain saturated fatty acids (less than 16 carbons) that make up only a small proportion of the fatty acids in most fats, and its advocates suggest that this makes its effects on plasma cholesterol less deleterious. Palmitic acid (16:0) is the dominant saturated fatty acid in most types of fat.
Evaluation of the optimum threshold of gamma-ray for inducing mutation on Polianthes tuberosa cv. double and analysis of genetic variation with RAPD marker
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Hanifeh Seyed Hajizadeh, Seyed Najmedin Mortazavi, Morteza Ganjinajad, Volkan Okatan, İbrahim Kahramanoğlu
Besides the above-mentioned five primers, the OPD12, OPM13, OPC8, OPC13, and OPD13 primers were also able to show some amplified DNA fragments (Figure 3). For example, a total of 64 amplified DNA fragments were obtained in the samples of the OPD13 primer, of which nine bands, equivalent to 13.99% of the bands, were polymorphic. The OPD12 primer resulted in 65 amplified DNA fragments in the samples, of which 11 bands, equivalent to 17.10% of the bands, were polymorphic. Moreover, 90 reproducible DNA fragments were obtained in the samples in the OPM13 primer, of which 10 bands, equivalent to 10.88% of the bands, were polymorphic. The OPD3 primer resulted in 71 amplified DNA fragments in the samples, of which 18 bands, equivalent to 42.77% of the bands, were polymorphic. Finally, the OPC13 primer resulted in 44 amplified DNA fragments in the samples, of which 15 bands, equivalent to 44.18% of the bands, were polymorphic. The highest number of amplified fragments (90) was related to the OPM13 primer and the lowest number (40) to the OPM10 primer. The polymorphism shown by different primers ranged from 9.5% to 44.18%. The rate of polymorphic initiation was 45% in the study of Kroth et al. (2005), 33% in Hong et al. (2001), 15% in Yongtai et al. (2004), 45% in Kochieva et al. (2001), and 93% in Selbach and Cavalli-Molina (2000). Similar results have been reported in genotypes of rapeseed (Brassica napus) (Abdelmigid 2012) and P. tuberosa (Majd et al. 2013) in India. Majd et al. (2013) stated that rapid analysis was a diagnostic tool to study the genetic diversity of P. tuberosa genotypes (Figure 4).
Comparing of the effects of sesame oil and rapeseed oil versus suet oil and animal butter on the reproductive system of male rats
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2022
Behrooz Yahyaei, Miromid Safari
Suet oil is categorized in the animal oils and popular in the Middle East and Africa. Sesame oil is mostly composed of unsaturated fatty acids with one or several unsaturated bonds (43.3% and 41.1%, respectively), oleic fatty acids (39.09%), linoleic (40.39%) and lignin, which has lots of phytosterol effects (10). Rapeseed oil is the second most important oil in the world after Soy Oil. This oil has lots of PUFAs. Rapeseed also contains tocopherol (100–115.9 milligrams/10 gram), phytosterol (459–500 milligrams/100gram), polyphenol (0–7.148 milligrams/100 grams) and other nutrients (11). According to the increasing rate of infertility among men and lack of enough molecular evidences about the effects of various diets on male fertility, this study aimed to determine the effect of rapeseed and sesame oil, in comparison with the animal butter and suet oil, on the reproductive system and sperm quality of male rats.
Toxicity of the herbicides used on herbicide-tolerant crops, and societal consequences of their use in France
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Jean-Paul Bourdineaud
Upon exposure of rapeseed seedlings to 1.5 μg of monosulfuron sprayed on leaves, a proteomic analysis performed on whole tissues after one week showed a total of 131 differentially expressed proteins between the treated and control plants (Cheng et al. 2013): 34 proteins up-regulated and 97 down-regulated. Up-regulated proteins comprised the metabolizing enzymes GSTs, UGTs and a peroxidase, and proteins involved in photosynthesis and energy production. Down-regulated proteins comprised those involved in cell defense and protein synthesis and degradation, in carbohydrate, cell wall, energy metabolisms and cytoskeleton dynamics. In another study rapeseed plants were foliar-sprayed with a single quantity of 15 µg of the sulfonylurea SX-1 each. Compared to control, 87, 25, 74 and 60 proteins were found to be up-regulated over 2-fold at young buds, short, mid and late anther stages respectively, and the decreased ones were 130, 220, 329 and 366, respectively. These proteins were involved in protein, energy, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms, and defense (Ning et al. 2018).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Biodiesel
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- Rapeseed Oil
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- Vegetable Oil
- Polyploidy
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- Hybrid