Relationships Between Potassium and Cancer
Maryce M. Jacobs in Vitamins and Minerals in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer, 2018
Cooling and Marrack25 described a case in which a woman complained of passing water through the rectum for five years. Sigmoidoscopy and barium enema failed to reveal any evidence of a tumor. The symptoms persisted and eight years later she entered the hospital after complaining of vomiting, abdominal discomfort and failure to pass fecal matter for 4 days. She continued to pass rectal fluid at 4 to 6 pints per day. Her serum potassium level was 2.2 mEq/L and was not improved by oral administration of 144 grams of potassium citrate. Electrolyte determination of the rectal fluid showed a tenfold increase in potassium over sodium. Sigmoidoscopy revealed a granulomatous polypoid mass and a hemicolectomy was performed to remove a villous tumor of the sigmoid colon. All electrolytes returned to normal after removal of the tumor.
Nephrolithiasis: etiology, stone composition, medical management, and prevention
J Kellogg Parsons, E James Wright in The Brady Urology Manual, 2019
Treatment: Low methionine/sodium dietHydrate to 3 L urine output/dayAlkalinize urine Potassium citrateComplex cystine d-penicillamine (high side effects) or MPG (mercaptopropionylglycine).Pyridoxine to prevent vitamin B6 deficiency.
Gout
Charles Theisler in Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Citric acid is used to make the urine less acidic. Less acidic urine helps the kidneys get rid of uric acid and thus helps to prevent gout and certain types of kidney stones (urate). Potassium citrate is a citric acid supplement commonly used to prevent and treat gout flare-ups by lowering blood uric acid levels. At a dose of 3 gm/day for 12 weeks, uric acid levels were significantly reduced.17
What are the main challenges to the pharmacological management of cystinuria?
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2020
Michael E. Rezaee, Andrew D. Rule, Vernon M. Pais
The goal of pharmacological treatment for cystinuria is to increase the solubility of cystine in the urine. American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines recommend a combination of behavior modification and urinary alkalization as first-line therapy for cystinuria [6]. A urine pH of 7.0 to 7.5 should be targeted to help prevent cystine stone formation [6]. Potassium citrate is commonly prescribed to achieve urinary alkalization. Typical dosing for ranges from 60 to 90 mEq divided into 3–4 daily doses or extended-release formulations with twice-daily dosing [5,6]. Potassium citrate is generally well-tolerated, but can cause nausea and other gastrointestinal symptoms if not taken with food [5]. In addition, patients on potassium citrate need to be monitored for hyperkalemia and over-alkalization of their urine (pH > 7.5), the latter of which can potentially predispose patients to calcium phosphate stone formation [6]. More intensive pharmacological management is used for patients who continue to form cystine stones or are unable to achieve cystine urinary concentrations < 250 mg/L at an acceptable pH despite behavior modification and urinary alkalization.
Rising occurrence of hypocitraturia and hyperoxaluria associated with increasing prevalence of stone disease in calcium kidney stone formers
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2020
Ramy F. Youssef, Jeremy W. Martin, Khashayar Sakhaee, John Poindexter, Sharmin Dianatnejad, Charles D. Scales, Glenn M. Preminger, Michael E. Lipkin
The contemporary cohort was associated with increased rates of hypocitraturia, which was particularly associated with obesity. Hypocitraturia is a common metabolic abnormality present in 20–60% of stone formers [25]. Potassium citrate (Kcit) is given to increase urinary pH and restore citrate to normal levels [26]. Obese patients with hypocitraturia have been associated with decreased responsiveness to Kcit, requiring more frequent doses to maintain a normal citrate level. The mechanism underlying this increase in hypocitraturia, particularly in obese patients, is likely related to diet and lifestyle changes. The diet of obese patients may differ from non-obese patients, with greater animal protein intake and decreased citrus fruits, vegetables, and fiber, all promoting hypocitraturia. However, the underlying mechanisms between obesity and hypocitraturia are not fully elucidated.
Clinical and genetic analysis of distal renal tubular acidosis in three Chinese children
Published in Renal Failure, 2018
Jiaojiao Liu, Qian Shen, Guomin Li, Yihui Zhai, Xiaoyan Fang, Hong Xu
Acid-base homeostasis is critical for normal growth and development and the maintenance of normal cellular function. Alkali therapy is the conventional therapy used to maintain systemic homeostasis. For each patient, treatment with potassium citrate was initiated at diagnosis, and the dose of citrate was regulated based on the blood pH and biochemical findings. During the follow-up, two patients (except for Patient-3) achieved the average height with alkali therapy by the final follow-up (1 year). After three years of potassium citrate treatment, Patient-3 failed to exhibit the normal growth (<p25th). His bone age was delayed by 3 years, and the insulin stimulation tests revealed a peak serum GH concentration of 10 μg/l. Due to the poor growth and parental expectations, we initiated recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy in patient-3 at 6 years of age. The average dose of rhGH was 0.05 mg/kg daily. After 10 months of rhGH therapy, he grew at an average rate of 9.6 cm per year, which was considerable increased following the initiation of the growth hormone therapy (3 cm/yr), and he achieved the average height for his age and gender (Figure 1).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Citric Acid
- Cystine
- Potassium
- Potassium Bicarbonate
- Potassium Carbonate
- Uric Acid
- Salt
- Food Additive
- E Number
- Kidney Stone Disease