Adverse Effects and Intoxication with Essential Oils
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Dementholized essential oil of Mentha arvensis L. var. piperascens Malinv., which is mainly produced in Brazil and China, has to be labelled correctly as mint oil or Japanese mint oil. The composite of the oil is comparable to peppermint oil of Mentha x piperita L., but it is much cheaper. Synthetic menthol and menthyl acetate might be added to essential oils of insufficient quality. Occasionally, peppermint oil is mingled with the essential oil of spearmint Mentha spicata var. crispa, which contains up to 10% carvone, which can be used as an indicator for adulteration, because peppermint oil should contain less than 1% carvone. Peppermint oil may also be adulterated with the essential oil of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), which is characterized by an extremely high content of pulegone. This adulteration is important to be identified due to the pronounced hepatotoxicity of pulegone. Thus, the content of pulegone in peppermint oil should not exceed 1%, and accordingly, no confirmed cases of liver damage caused by peppermint oil or mint oil have been reported so far.
Aromatic Medicine
Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam in Herbal Product Development, 2020
Peppermint oil has been intensively contemplated for its anti-inflamma-tory, anti-infectious, antimicrobial, and fungicidal impact as well as antiseptics and carminative properties. It is seen that the single constituents of peppermint can calm numerous bacterial, parasitic, and viral contaminations when breathed in or applied as vapor demulcent. On the other side, Ali et al. reported that menthol, the essential constituent of peppermint oil, is responsible for pharmacological activity. It is seen that it can alleviate numerous bacterial, fungal, and viral infections when breathed in or applied in the form of vapor emollient. Sinus and lung blockage are likewise known to be cleared from this oil. Much have been said and examined about the mentha oil by numerous researchers for its different activities yet its utilization in aromatherapy needs more endeavors (Tassou et al., 1995).
Aromatherapy for Pain Relief
Mark V. Boswell, B. Eliot Cole in Weiner's Pain Management, 2005
In another study, Göbel and colleagues found aromatherapy with peppermint oil was effective in treating tension headaches meeting IHS classification (Göbel et al., 1996). Peppermint oil was applied locally in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover fashion; 10 g of peppermint oil and 90% ethanol were used. The placebo was 90% ethanol solution to which traces of peppermint oil were added for blinding purposes. During their headache attacks, peppermint oil was applied across the foreheads and temples of 41 patients. The application was repeated after 15 and 30 minutes. Compared with the placebo, peppermint oil significantly reduced headache intensity after 15 minutes (p < 0.01). The analgesic effect equaled that of 1,000 mg of acetaminophen. Very few studies that claim to have demonstrated efficacy of aromatherapy have been as carefully performed (Woolfson & Hewitt, 1992).
Current and emerging pharmacological approaches for treating diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2020
Akhil Munjal, Bhavtosh Dedania, Brooks D. Cash
Conventional drug therapies for IBS mostly target symptoms of altered stool form (constipation/diarrhea) and bloating and have minimal effects on abdominal pain, which is a major component of IBS symptomatology and significantly affects quality of life. Anti-spasmodics like hyoscyamine, dicyclomine, and peppermint oil have long been used for treating IBS, with the most robust literature supporting peppermint oil. However, side effects from these remedies can limit their utility. Peppermint oil can be associated with bothersome heartburn or dyspepsia. Dicyclomine and hyoscyamine can cause anticholinergic symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness, dry eyes and dry mouth. A small 2-week double-blind study evaluated dicyclomine 40 mg 4 times daily on an ambulatory population and found it to be superior to placebo in controlling overall patient symptoms of pain, abdominal tenderness, and improved bowel habits, albeit with a high incidence of adverse effects [62].
Impact of storage on the physico-chemical properties of microparticles comprising a hydrogenated vegetable oil matrix and different essential oil concentrations
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Pia Gottschalk, Benjamin Brodesser, Denis Poncelet, Henry Jaeger, Harald Rennhofer, Stephen Cole
Yang and Ciftci (2016) associated changes in the surface structure of peppermint-oil loaded nano- and microparticles with an increased release of the encapsulated essential oils from core–shell capsules during storage. Fat blooming was mostly pronounced for microparticles with 50 and 100 g/kg essential oil in scanning electron microscopic pictures. These microparticle batches furthermore showed the highest essential oil release. Also by scanning electron microscopy we showed that storage at 37 °C but also 25 °C for 2 months had the strongest impact on the surface of microparticles without essential oil. In consideration of this result fat blooming cannot exclusively be traced to essential oil evaporation and the observations made by Yang and Ciftci could not be confirmed.
Characterisation of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) essential oil encapsulates
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Murat Yilmaztekin, Steva Lević, Ana Kalušević, Mustafa Cam, Branko Bugarski, Vesna Rakić, Vladimir Pavlović, Viktor Nedović
The increase in the amount of peppermint oil in ice creams imparted peppermint oil flavour to the samples (Figure 4). Sourness and astringency of ice creams were slightly perceived by the panelists; however, the degree of sourness and astringency were lower than the value of 4. Refreshing peppermint oil flavour was noted aftertaste by the panelists. Panelists rated the overall acceptability of all peppermint oil enriched ice creams higher than the value of 7. Therefore, peppermint oil enrichment might be a suitable option to produce new ice cream types. We have also tested the possibility of peppermint oil enrichment higher than 0.3% (w/w) in ice cream; however, oral burn and a dramatic decrease in the overall acceptability were noted by panelists.
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