Macronutrients
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Pectins are a complex group of polysaccharides composed mainly of chains of galacturonic acid interspersed with units of rhamnose and branched with chains of pentose and hexose units (17, 19). They are structural components of most plant cell walls as well as in the outer skin and rind of fruits and vegetables (17, 19). They also act as intercellular cementing substances and are almost completely metabolized by bacteria in colon. Pectins, highly water-soluble, form gels, and are hence used as gelling and thickening agents in various food products. Increasing pectin intake lowers serum cholesterol levels and blood pressure. Pectin lowers cholesterol by binding the cholesterol and bile acids in the gut and promoting their excretion (17, 19). High intake of pectin improves blood sugar levels and insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic and diabetic individuals (17–20). Due to their gelling behavior, these soluble polysaccharide fibers may decrease the rate of gastric emptying and influence small intestinal transit time (19). This explains their hypoglycemic properties. Pectins are mainly found in fruits and vegetables. For example, the rind of an orange contains 30% pectin, an apple peel 15%, and onion skin 12% (17). Commercial pectins are prepared mostly from some byproducts of the food industry, such as apple pulp, citrus peels, and sugar beet pulp.
Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
L.D. Kapoor in Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
Chemical constituents — The fruit pulp contains moisture (81.2%), protein (0.5%), fat (0.1%), mineral matter (0.7%), fiber (3.4%), carbohydrates (14.1%), calcium (0.05%), and potassium (0.02%); iron (1.2 mg/100 g), nicotinic acid (0.2 mg/100 g), and vitamin C(600 mg/100g). Vitamin C content, up to 720 mg/100g of fresh pulp and 921 mg/100 cc of pressed juice, has been recorded. The fruit is a rich source of pectin.364 Phyllemblin has been isolated from the fruit pulp. Amla fruit is probably the richest natural source of vitamin C. The fruit juice contains nearly 20 times as much vitamin C as orange juice and a single fruit is equal in antiscorbutic value to one or two oranges. Air-dried fruit contains 13 separable tannins in addition to three or four colloidal complexes.367
Dietary Fibers And Colon Cancer*
Herman Autrup, Gary M. Williams in Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis, 2019
Pectins — These polymers are more variable and contain β-1,4-D-galacturonic acids. Their total molecular weight ranges from approximately 60,000 to 90,000 and the major sugars of pectins include galactose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, and fucose. Pectins are common fiber components of fruits and vegetables.19 The proportion of pectin that is water soluble increases with plant maturation. Water-insoluble pectin, or pro-topectin, is bound to other components, including cellulose, and may provide rigidity to the plant cell wall.20 The fate of ingested pectin in humans is uncertain, but it appears to be metabolized within the colon by bacterial enzymes.21
Neuroprotective validation of pectin in T2DM-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Rajnish Srivastava, Laxmi Tripathi, Sudhansu Ranjan Swain, Jagan Singh
The yield, ash content and moisture content of pectin extracted mature Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck (Lemon), Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle (Sweet lemon), Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Orange), Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (Watermelon) and Musa acuminata Colla (Banana) fruits are depicted in Table 2. The yields of pectin extracted from different sources were significantly different and varied from 4.28 to 35.48%. The highest pectin yield was obtained from Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (orange peel) (35.48%) whereas the lowest yield was obtained from Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (Watermelon) (4.28%). Previous studies have shown that pectin yield decreases with an increase in fruit maturation (Castillo-Israel et al. 2015, Azad et al.2014)
Colon-specific tablets containing 5-fluorouracil microsponges for colon cancer targeting
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Mahmoud H. Othman, Gamal M. Zayed, Usama F. Ali, Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif
Pectin is a natural biopolymer that has numerous applications in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries. Pectin is used as an encroachment cover for many colon-specific medicines and deliveries [6,20,21]. Many techniques, particularly ionotropic gelation, coating, and matrix tablets, were employed in the development of pectin-based drug delivery systems. Along with their exact harmless toxicity profile, these basic strategies are a perfect and beneficial excipient of pectin for the current research and potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry [22,23]. HPMC is a synthetic retardant widely used in the drug supply and the pharmacy industry as an extended-release agent. It exhibits strong swelling and gelling [24]. The aim of adding HPMC and pectin was to improve the physicochemical properties of the film coating, including ductility, durability, and elasticity to improve the consistency of direct compression in the core tablets of the coating materials [25]. HPMC can inhibit penetration of the dissolution medium to the coat, so the tablets remain contact until reaching the colon [20,21].
Development of food grade 3D printable ink based on pectin containing cannabidiol/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Eleftherios G. Andriotis, Paraskevi-Kyriaki Monou, Aristi Louka, Eleni Papaefstathiou, Georgios K. Eleftheriadis, Dimitrios G. Fatouros
The 3D-printing approach can also provide a wide range of personalized and tailor-made food products, considering the needs, taste, and dietary patterns of people with different ages, sexes, occupations, and health lifestyles. A very specific group of patients that could benefit from personalized regimes are children, since they would be more willing to consume food and medicinal products with innovative shapes [38]. Pectin and honey were combined toward the fabrication of 3 D printable inks that form solid structures upon drying [39]. Pectin is one of the most extensively studied polysaccharide in the food and pharmaceutical sectors, mainly due to its gelling activity [40,41], while honey is used for the gelation process of pectin. This model food-grade 3D-printed system was evaluated as a host matrix for the incorporation of CBD, in the form of inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrins. Cyclodextrins were incorporated for both increasing the solubility and enhancing the dispersion of CBD in the 3D printable ink [1]. The fate of CBD was monitored at different simulated environments through the gastrointestinal tract, followed by a simulation of the colonic environment, where pectin is expected to fully degrade by the existing enzymes [41,42].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cell Wall
- Dietary Fiber
- Enzyme
- Galactose
- Golgi Apparatus
- Middle Lamella
- Polysaccharide
- Sugar Acid
- Thickening Agent
- Fruit Preserves