Nutraceuticals for Bone Health in Pregnancy
Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant Pathak in Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, 2019
Pasteurization, invented by Louis Pasteur in 1863, is a technique that involves heating the milk to a temperature greater than 161 ºF for a short period of time; this kills 99% of bacteria, molds, and yeast. The pasteurization technique was an initial innovation, extending the shelf life of milk by around half a month but along with destroying infectious bacteria, it also destroys essential minerals such as vitamins, enzymes, and some beneficial bacteria. Additionally, milk may also be purified by microfiltered processes, by being passed forcefully through ceramic filters to remove bacteria that are then homogenized to prevent separation into butter–fat globules and milk fluid. In the homogenization process, milk is emulsified under intense pressure as it is pumped through narrow tubes in which the fat globules are broken down into smaller ones, and, in turn, it does not lose the milk’s nutritional value or its effectiveness. In further developments, the dairy industry has gone through numerous progressions to raise milk production, quality, and distribution (Varoni & Iriti 2016).
The Nineteenth Century
Scott M. Jackson in Skin Disease and the History of Dermatology, 2023
The two men most responsible for proving the germ theory of disease were Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) and Robert Koch (1843–1910). Pasteur was a French biologist and chemist who is also known for his work with the chemistry of crystals, fermentation, pasteurization, and the vaccination for rabies and anthrax. After heat sterilization of broth placed in swan-neck bottles, Pasteur proved that contamination from the air led to a microbial presence in the broth, thus disproving the theory of spontaneous generation that had endured for two millennia, which stated that decay, putrefaction, and fermentation—along with microbial organisms in the body—were spontaneously generated by the pneuma within organic substances.18 Pasteur's conclusion that contaminating germs—and not miasma—were a cause of disease was built on a foundation laid by four influential pioneers: the aforementioned Semmelweis; the Italian Agostino Bassi (1773–1856) who first identified (1835) a fungus that infects silkworms; the German physician Johann Schoënlein (1793–1864) who showed that tinea favosa (favus) was caused by Trichophyton schoenleinii (1839); and Miles J. Berkeley (1803–1889) who hypothesized (1846) that the fungus Phytophthora infestans was the cause of the Irish Potato Famine (1845–1849).19
P
Anton Sebastian in A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Pasteur, Louis (1822–1895) French chemist from Dole and father of modern bacteriology and pasteurization. He showed the presence of living cells in fermentation around 1864. His findings were opposed by several prominent advocates of the spontaneous generation theory. He was appointed professor of chemistry at the Sorbonne in 1867 where his work on tartaric acid led to the discovery of the existence of crystals in two mirror image forms. He postulated the ‘germ theory’ of disease and showed that the anthrax bacillus could be modified to confer immunity without producing disease. He used the Latin word, ‘vacca’ meaning cow, and administered rabies vaccine in 1885. He was the first director of the Pasteur Institute in Paris which was founded with a public donation of 2.5 million francs in 1888.
Bactericidal effects of high intensity focused ultrasound on Bacillus Calmette–Guerin in vivo and in vitro
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2019
Shuang Xie, Hua Cao, Jianhu Li, Vishnu Prasad Adhikari, Min Yang, Yu Dong, Dairong Li, Yonghong Du
The concept using thermal pasteurization (60–82°C) for inactivating pathogenic microorganisms in certain foods and beverages is not new [22]. In the HIFU process, low-energy ultrasound waves are focused on diseased tissue. The ultrasound radiation penetrates the tissue, generating energy accumulation in the multiple of thousands. This accumulation of energy typically heats the targeted tissue, possibly leading to thermally-induced cell death and/or coagulation necrosis [16]. HIFU has been tested as a treatment for deep bacterial infections (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) in a rat model because of its capability to induce a rise of temperature at a very precise location [23–26]. Some studies have also demonstrated that cavitation-based HIFU histotripsy has shown potential for treating common bacterial pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [27–29]. Therefore, we hypothesized that the thermal and cavitational effects of HIFU might serve to treat and control MTB in vitro and in vivo.
Increasing the stability of Lumbricus terrestris erythrocruorin via poly(acrylic acid) conjugation
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Kyle Spivack, Matthew Tucker, Devon Zimmerman, Matthew Nicholas, Osheiza Abdulmalik, Noelle Comolli, Jacob Elmer
In an attempt to protect the heme during the autoclave process, LPE samples were also sparged with carbon monoxide (CO) and then autoclaved. As shown in Figure 5(D), the LPE:CO sample still appeared to oxidize during the autoclave process, but it retained a slightly orange hue. Further inspection of the absorbance spectrum of the autoclaved sample revealed that it was actually a hemichrome, with a characteristic maxima at 538 nm and a shoulder around 570 nm (Figure 5(E)). Similar results were observed during pasteurization experiments, in which LP and LPE samples were incubated at either 60 °C for 12 h or 70 °C for 2 h (data not shown). As expected for a 6-coordinate ferric heme group, the hemichrome samples did not bind O2 or CO, but they were able to bind cyanide (CN−) as shown in Figure 5(F). Addition of 1 mg/mL sodium dithionite also reduced the hemichrome (Fe3+) to a haemochrome (Fe2+) with characteristic maxima at 530 and 568 nm (Figure 5(F)) [18], but our attempts to photolyse (λ = 530 nm) the bond between the reduced heme and distal histidine to restore O2 binding were unsuccessful. Therefore, while the LPE samples can be autoclaved without aggregating, they appear to undergo some degree of denaturation that induces the irreversible formation of a hemichrome that is unable to bind O2.
Antimicrobial treatment with the fixed-dose antibiotic combination RHB-104 for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Crohn’s disease: pharmacological and clinical implications
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2019
Edoardo Savarino, Lorenzo Bertani, Linda Ceccarelli, Giorgia Bodini, Fabiana Zingone, Andrea Buda, Sonia Facchin, Greta Lorenzon, Santino Marchi, Elisa Marabotto, Nicola De Bortoli, Vincenzo Savarino, Francesco Costa, Corrado Blandizzi
Humans can be exposed to MAP through a variety of routes, including food ingestion and environment. The environmental spread is related to shedding of MAP into the feces of infected ruminants, especially cows, and is the most likely route of transmission in Western countries, due to the ingestion of contaminated water: MAP DNA was indeed detected in over 80% of domestic water samples in Ohio (USA) [25]. MAP can also contaminate human alimonies, mainly meat and dairy products [26]. Pasteurization can reduce significantly, but not abolish this risk, as shown also in a study by Wynne et al. [27] where MAP could be cultured from 1.8% of samples of pasteurized milk from MAP-positive cows in the UK. Indeed, the thick lipid bacterial cell wall of MAP allows it to survive pasteurization, and live MAP has been detected in retail milk and cheese products [17].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bacteria
- Endospore
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- Shelf Life
- Pathogen
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