Plant Source Foods
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Palm oil is the cheapest of all the major edible oils and fats. There are two types of oil obtained from the fruit: oil from the flesh of the fruit and oil from the kernel inside the nut (palm kernel oil). The latter is primarily used for the oleochemical industry, although it does have some food applications. The oil from the flesh of the fruit can be separated into liquid and solid fractions (olein and stearin, respectively). From these, the refining industry produces various types of palm oil for different applications. Palm oil and palm oil products are commonly used in the food manufacturing industry (273). Palm oil has equal proportions of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids are represented by palmitic acid (44%) and stearic acid (5%). Unsaturated fatty acids are represented by oleic acid (37%), a monounsaturated fatty acid, and linoleic acid (9%), a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid. The minor components of palm oil also vary depending on the conditions of refining. Crude palm oil is rich in carotenes, tocopherols, tocotrienols, sterols, and squalene (273). Concerning palm oil and health, some studies gave contradictory results on CVDs. Some authors concluded that palm oil had no adverse health consequences. However, studies that have compared the effects of palm oil with other oils have reported adverse effects on heart health of both palm oil and hydrogenated oils (273). Therefore, it is prudent not to consume palm oil too often or in large quantity.
Ethnobotanical Survey for Managing Selected Non-Communicable Diseases
Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Masood Sadiq Butt in Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants, 2019
Water was popular medicinal plant extraction medium or vehicle known to the Igala people. Only in very few medicinal plants, palm kernel oil was used, but mainly as a topical application medium rather than for extraction. Dosage regimen commonly ranged from 150 to 250 mL for orally administered medicines while topical applications were simply liberal. Although most presented doses are for adults, yet children and teenagers are administered doses of same preparations by scaling-down prescribed adult doses. However, these are usually subject to the individuals’ discretion, which are mostly inaccurate. Administration period was mostly 1–4 weeks, while some are continued until complete cure was observed. Oral route of administration was mostly used (71%), followed by topical (22%) while the least was inhalation and sub-cutaneous application.
Advanced Formulation Techniques Including Innovative Materials
Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters in Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
External factors can also influence a successful product introduction: the economy, competition, evolving regulatory environment and customers’ desire to streamline coded raw materials are a few cases. A current example affecting the industry is an environmental concern about palm or palm kernel oil, the feedstock for many personal care raw materials. In the search for sustainable solutions, the industry moved away from petroleum-based products to vegetable-based products. Palm oil offers ideal stock to fractionate the cuts needed for emollients, emulsifiers and surfactants. Unfortunately, the growing demand for palm tree oil has led to poor harvesting management and deforestation of tropical forest. BASF is committed to sustainability and since 2009 has been a member of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). By 2014, BASF was purchasing 100% from its members. However, a trend that is slowly creeping in the finished goods sector is to shy away from palm-derived materials, even when harvested responsibly. This is a legitimate concern for suppliers, whose options for sustainable feedstock are already limited, and an excellent example of how an external circumstance influences internal decisions.
An evaluation of crude palm oil (CPO) and tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) of palm oil as percutaneous permeation enhancers using full-thickness human skin
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Inderjeet Singh, Rajesh Sreedharan Nair, Suyin Gan, Victor Cheong, Andrew Morris
Fats and oils have been used by humans as food, fuel, cosmetics and medicines since ancient times. One important member of the fat and oil family is palm oil. Palm oil is extracted from the fruit of the oil palm of which the two main species are Elaeis guineensis and Elaeis oleifera and are native to West Africa and South America respectively (Sambanthamurthi et al. 2000). Palm oil and palm kernel oil are obtained from the mesocarp and the kernel (seed) respectively of the oil palm fruit (Edem 2002). The oil obtained from the mesocarp is edible whereas the kernel oil has wide applications in the oleochemical industry (Matthäus 2007; Rupilius and Ahmad 2007). CPO is derived from the mesocarp of the oil palm fruit by direct compression whereas refined palm oil (RPO) is the commercially available palm mesocarp oil which is obtained by bleaching, deodorisation and neutralisation of CPO (Sundram et al. 2003). The composition of the vitamin E obtained from CPO is unique as it consists of 74.4% tocotrienols and 25.6% tocopherols by weight (Kua et al. 2016). Tocotrienols are not commonly found in vegetable oils in such large quantities, with the other main exceptions being rice bran and corn oil (Qureshi et al. 2000). Tocopherols and tocotrienols exist in four different isoforms namely alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), and delta (δ). An important product of CPO is the TRF. As the name suggests, TRF is a palm oil derivative which contains a very high content of tocotrienols and has been shown to exhibit wide pharmacological activities such as anticancer, cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects (Qureshi et al. 1991; Sen et al. 2007; Aggarwal et al. 2010; Alayoubi et al. 2013).
Effects of saturated versus unsaturated fatty acids on metabolism, gliosis, and hypothalamic leptin sensitivity in male mice
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Jesús Fernández-Felipe, Maria Valencia-Avezuela, Beatriz Merino, Beatriz Somoza, Victoria Cano, Ana B. Sanz-Martos, Laura M. Frago, Maria S. Fernández-Alfonso, Mariano Ruiz-Gayo, Julie A. Chowen
Here we have employed diets consisting of normal rodent chow enriched with high-oleic acid sunflower oil or palm kernel oil, fats that are commonly ingested in our diets and that are rich in unsaturated fatty acids or saturated fatty acids, respectively. The effects of eight weeks of these diets on weight gain and metabolic parameters, as well as modifications in the hypothalamic metabolic circuits and inflammatory markers were investigated.
Development of canagliflozin nanocrystals sublingual tablets in the presence of sodium caprate permeability enhancer: formulation optimization, characterization, in-vitro, in silico, and in-vivo study
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Sammar Fathy Elhabal, Mohamed A El-Nabarawi, Nashwa Abdelaal, Mohamed Fathi Mohamed Elrefai, Shrouk A. Ghaffar, Mohamed Mansour Khalifa, Passant M. Mohie, Dania S. Waggas, Ahmed Mohsen Elsaid Hamdan, Samar Zuhair Alshawwa, Essa M. Saied, Nahla A. Elzohairy, Tayseer Elnawawy, Rania A. Gad, Nehal Elfar, Hanaa Mohammed, Mohammad Ahmad Khasawneh
Sodium caprate (C10) is the sodium salt of capric acid, an aliphatic medium-chain saturated 10-carbon used as a wetting agent and a penetration enhancer for medication formulations. SC (C10) has been licensed by the FDA and has been studied as a penetration enhancer to promote the adsorption of numerous medications, including ampicillin, insulin, low-molecular-weight (MV) heparin, and 5-fluorouracil (Twarog et al., 2019). Capric acid is mainly expressed in coconut oil (about 10%) and palm kernel oil (about 4%), but not in many other seed oils. It is also found in mammals’ milk and, to a lesser extent, in other animal fats. C10 is granted as a food additive in the US and the EU, with no daily consumption limitations; its presence in food should not affect human health (EFSA et al., 2018). C10 was initially discovered in a rectal ampicillin suppository and has been evaluated by Merrion Pharma as an oral solid dosage form (GIPETTM) for delivery of poorly permeable actives, including small molecules (e.g. zoledronic acid, alendronate) and macromolecules (insulin, desmopressin, and antisense oligonucleotides) (Lindmark et al., 1997; Walsh et al., 2011). C10 is an anionic surfactant that is pH and ion-sensitive. At pH units (1–3) below its pKa (∼5) in stomach fluid, the capric acid is inactive. Acidic pH reduces surface tension but has a little deterrent effect. C10 is ionized and detergent-soluble at pH levels 1–3 pH levels higher than its pKa (small intestine pH). Repulsion between the charged hydrophilic head groups prevents them from forming micelles. High concentrations of free monomeric surfactant allow epithelial plasma membrane to contact and transcellular activity. Like other ionizable surfactants, the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of C10 varies depending on the medium. In a high-ionic-strength buffer, counter-ions interact with anionic head groups, forming micelles at lower concentrations. Altering ionic strength affects the small intestine’s free monomeric C10 content (Twarog et al., 2019).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Coconut Oil
- Fatty Acid
- Lauric Acid
- Palmitic Acid
- Vegetable Oil
- Saturated Fat
- Oleochemistry
- Low-Density Lipoprotein
- High-Density Lipoprotein
- Trans Fat