Mitigation of Obesity: A Phytotherapeutic Approach
Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter in Medicinal Plants, 2023
Any undesirable imbalance between energy intake and expenditure results in obesity. When dietary energy intake exceeds energy spending, surplus energy is converted to triglyceride which is stored in adipose tissue, thereby increasing body fat and causing weight gain. Obesity is assessed by means of body mass index (BMI) which is obtained by dividing the body weight (kg) with the square of height (m). A value of and over 30 kg/m indicates obesity. Nearly 1.9 billion adults (18 years or more) around the world are overweight and about 600 million of them are clinically obese. That is why obesity is recognized as one of the major health related threats throughout the globe (WHO, 2020). This malady, initially a concern for higher-income countries, is now on the rise in low- and middle-income countries also, especially in urban areas. The characteristic symptom of obesity is an increase in adipose cell size as quantified by the amount of fat accumulation at the cytoplasm of adipocytes (Devlin et al., 2000). Enzymes namely fatty acid synthase, lipoprotein lipase and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein controls this metabolic change in the adipocytes (Rosen et al., 2000).
Nutrition in the Older Child
Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia in Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Obesity is defined as an excessive accumulation of body fat and has a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, obesity is very common in the USA. One third of children and adolescents are classified as overweight or obese and is based on BMI. In children age 2–20 years, a BMI percentile is plotted and should be used for assessment. A BMI between 85th and 95th percentiles for age and gender is considered overweight, and a BMI greater than 95th percentile for age and gender is classified as obese. This is important to monitor over time. In children with rapidly rising BMI percentiles (even before these thresholds are reached) or once a child is classified as overweight, interventions can be done to improve the health of the child. This can include dietary changes as well as increased physical activity and in certain situations may benefit from various programs and clinics for obesity (Chapter 25).
Maternal obesity
Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero in Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
In nonpregnant adults, BMI is commonly used as a measure of adiposity. The World Health Organization defines BMI as a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9, underweight as overweight as 25 to 29.9, and obesity as >30. For more assessments and risk stratification, it defines class 1 obesity 30 to 34.9, class 2 obesity as 35 to 39.9, and class 3 obesity >40. In obstetrics, it is the practice to use a prepregnancy BMI for risk assessment and to follow GWG. Using a measured prepregnancy BMI is Alternatively, a first-trimester measured BMI or prepregnancy BMI can serve as a proxy. Notably, a self-reported pregravid BMI will underestimate a woman’s BMI category. Table 4 provides formulas for calculation two online references. BMI can be calculated by (i) dividing the individual’s weight in kilograms by height in meters squared or (ii) multiplying their weight in pounds by 703 and dividing this by the height in inches squared. Waist circumference is measured in the horizontal plane at the level of the iliac crest at the end of inspiration.
Bariatric surgery and its influence on alcohol consumption: Differences before and after surgery - A systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2023
Mariana Capelo Vides, Mariana Campello de Oliveira, Dangela Layne Silva Lassi, André Malbergier, Ligia Florio, Cintia de Azevedo-Marques Périco, Ricardo Abrantes do Amaral, Julio Torales, Antonio Ventriglio, André Brooking Negrão, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia
Numerous clinical risks associated with obesity have been identified and studied in our society for decades. Globally, obesity is defined as a Body Mass Index (BMI) > = 30 kg/m2, and overweight is defined as a BMI of 25–29 kg/m2. These conditions have alarming epidemiological data. According to the WHO (World Health Organization) (World Health Organization, 2023), the global rate of obesity nearly tripled between 1975 and 2016, with 650 million people being classified as obese in that year. According to studies, obesity and overweight were responsible for the deaths of 4 million people in 2015, with cardiovascular diseases accounting for 66% of these deaths (GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators, 2017). The effect of obesity on patient morbidity while being treated for COVID-19 during the pandemic was investigated and linked to worse outcomes (Williamson et al., 2020). In addition to previously well-defined clinical complications like hypertension (Landsberg et al., 2013) and diabetes (Ng et al., 2021), the prevalence of psychological conditions like anxiety has also been studied (Amiri & Behnezhad, 2019). Given its epidemiological importance today, there are several treatments for obesity, among them alterations in lifestyle, the use of medications, and bariatric surgery, which is the subject of this study.
Myostain is involved in ginsenoside Rb1-mediated anti-obesity
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Hong-Shi Li, Jiang-Ying Kuang, Gui-Jun Liu, Wei-Jie Wu, Xian-Lun Yin, Hao-Dong Li, Lei Wang, Tao Qin, Wen-Cheng Zhang, Yuan-Yuan Sun
Obesity, as one of the main public health problems worldwide, can lead to dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart failure, tumours, and obstructive sleep apnoea. The main characteristic of obesity is the large accumulation of triglycerides (TG) in adipose tissue, which is due to adipocyte hyperplasia (increased number) or hypertrophy (increased size) or even both. It was believed that adipocyte hypertrophy occurred before adipocyte hyperplasia and was the major mechanism of fat mass expansion (Faust et al. 1978; Duncan et al. 2007). Adipose tissue is mainly composed of fat cells, including white fat, brown fat and beige fat. When the body's energy intake far exceeds the amount consumed, the excess part will be stored as white fat. The treatment of obesity is an effective way to prevent a variety of diseases.
The relationship between anemia and obesity
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2022
Ramadan A. Saad, Haitham MohammedHabib Qutob
It has been reported that the main causes of obesity are environmental and genetic factors. Genetic and environmental factors may be complementary to each other; for example, if a person was genetically predisposed to obesity and exposed to obesity-related environmental factors such as lack of exercise and a fast HFD, obesity developed at a higher rate than in individuals with only genetic predisposition or environmental exposure [13]. A study of monozygotic young adult male twins who were overfed by 1000 kcal/d over a 100-day period demonstrated the importance of genetics in the development of obesity [14]. Body weight, percentage of fat, fat mass, and estimated subcutaneous fat all had similar responses within couples. A study of 540 adult adoptees provided further strong evidence of the role of genetics in obesity [15]. Table 1
Related Knowledge Centers
- Body Mass Index
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- Overweight
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Osteoarthritis
- Cancer
- Adipose Tissue
- Health
- Obesity-Associated Morbidity