Marine-Based Carbohydrates as a Valuable Resource for Nutraceuticals and Biotechnological Application
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
It is classified on the basis of molecular size and degree of polymerization into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides (Knudsen et al., 2013). Monosaccharides are the simplest sugar and have the chemical formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbon atoms in a molecule (Vaclavik et al., 2008), that cannot be further hydrolyzed. The rest of the other saccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds and hydrolyzed into simpler units. For example, fructose, galactose, and glucose are the main source of energy preferentially utilized by the brain and red blood cells (Ferrier, 2014). Disaccharides comprise two monomer sugar units linked by glycosidic bonds. Sucrose, lactose, trehalose, and maltose belong to disaccharides. Oligosaccharides are composed of a few monosaccharide units (2 to 20 units) (Roberfroid and Slavin, 2000) which are soluble in 80% ethanol, but intestinal enzymes are unable to digest them. Fructo-oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides, and mannan-oligosaccharides are examples of oligosaccharides (Englyst et al., 2007). Polysaccharides belong to high-molecular-weight polymeric monosaccharide units, and the degree of polymerization ranges from 70,000 to 90,000, depending on the type of polysaccharide (BeMiller, 2018). They are neither sweet in taste nor utilized directly like other carbohydrates. They may be linear (starch, cellulose) or branched (amylopectin, glycogen), homopolysaccharides (cellulose, glycogen) or heteropolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid, arabinoxylans) (Slavin, 2012).
Nutrition and Metabolic Factors
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan in Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Carbohydrates are chemical compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio of approximately 1:2:1, with at least three carbon atoms. There are three primary groups of carbohydrates that include: Monosaccharides. Consist of simple sugars generally composed of three to seven carbon atoms (e.g., glucose and fructose).Oligosaccharides. Carbohydrates that consist of 2–10 monosaccharides chemically bonded together (e.g., raffinose is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose).Polysaccharides. Carbohydrates that consist of >10 monosaccharide units chemically bonded together in linear or complex branching chains (e.g., glycogen and starch).
Macronutrients
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Carbohydrates are classified into four main groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. The monosaccharides frequently present in food are glucose, fructose and galactose (Fig. 1). The principal disaccharides are sucrose, lactose and maltose (7–10). Both mono- and disaccharides are water-soluble and popularly called sugars. They are rapidly assimilated in the digestive tract and easily broken down with immediate release of energy. Oligosaccharides include α-glucans or malto-oligosaccharides, principally occurring from the hydrolysis of starch and non-α-glucan such as raffinose and stachyose, fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides and other oligosaccharides (6–10). Polysaccharides may be divided into starch and non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs). NSPs are the major components of the plant cell wall such as cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin, but also include plant gum, mucilage and hydrocolloids (6–12). Dietary fibers consist of intrinsic plant cell wall polysaccharides. They are classified into two groups according to their water-solubility: insoluble dietary fibers like cellulose, hemicellulose, non-starch polysaccharide, and lignin; and soluble dietary fibers such as beta-glucan, pentosan, pectin, gum and mucilage. Some carbohydrates, like inulin, do not fit neatly into this scheme because they exist in nature in multiple molecular forms. Inulin from plants may have from 2 to 200 fructose units; as such, crossing the boundary between oligosaccharides and polysaccharides (8).
Angelica sinensis polysaccharides alleviate the oxidative burden on hematopoietic cells by restoring 5-fluorouracil-induced oxidative damage in perivascular mesenchymal progenitor cells
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Yilin Niu, Hanxianzhi Xiao, Biyao Wang, Ziling Wang, Kunhang Du, Yaping Wang, Lu Wang
ASP was purchased from Ci Yuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (China), dissolved in saline to a concentration of 20 g/L and sterilized by ultrafiltration. According to Ci Yuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., ASP was extracted from Angelica sinensis roots through pressurized hot water extraction, and proteins were removed from the crude polysaccharides using the repeated freeze-thaw method to obtain a mixture of polysaccharides. The purity of derived ASP was approximately 98%. Its monosaccharides include glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, mannose, and xylose (Mu et al. 2017; Ren et al. 2018; Cheng et al. 2019; Chen et al. 2020; Zeng et al. 2021). 5-FU was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (USA) and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a storage solution at a concentration of 0.025 g/L. Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) medium/nutrient mixture F-12 was purchased from Gibco (USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from MRC (Australia). Both the superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay kit and malondialdehyde (MDA) assay kit were obtained from Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (China). RNAiso reagent, SYBR Green I, and the reverse transcription kit were purchased from TAKARA Biotechnology (Japan). β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, p-GSK-3β and cyclin D1 antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (USA). The antibodies against P53, P21, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were purchased from Boster Biological Technology (Beijing, China).
Polysaccharides from Hemerocallis citrina Baroni Inhibit the Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Regulating the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
TianYu Sang, Yue Jun Fu, Li Song
The monosaccharide composition of HcBPS2 was measured by high-performance anion exchange chromatography analysis using a Dionex ICS-5000 system equipped with a Dionex CarbopacTMPA20 column (3.0 mm × 150 mm). The standard monosaccharides included fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, fructose, ribose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, galacturonic acid, glucosamine hydrochloride, glucosamine hydrochloride, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, guluronic acid, and mannose acid. The sample was hydrolyzed with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) at 120 °C for 3 h. After acid hydrolysis, the solution was transferred to a tube to be blown and dried with nitrogen. Deionized water was added, and the sample was centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was used for high-performance anion exchange chromatography analysis.
Isolation, characterisation and complement fixation activity of acidic polysaccharides from Argemone mexicana used as antimalarials in Mali
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Adama Dénou, Adiaratou Togola, Kari Tvete Inngjerdingen, Nastaran Moussavi, Frode Rise, Yuan Feng Zou, Dalen G. Dafam, Elijah I. Nep, Abubakar Ahmed, Taiwo E. Alemika, Drissa Diallo, Rokia Sanogo, Berit Smestad Paulsen
Currently, bioactive phytocompounds have received great attention because of their vital health-related activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticoagulant and antidiabetic activities, UV protection, antiviral and hypoglycaemic activities, etc. (Ullah et al. 2019). Among these components, carbohydrates known as saccharides are molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They can also be sulphated and contain amino sugars. Carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides represent the most abundant biomolecules and essential components of many natural products and have attracted the attention of researchers because of their numerous human health benefits (Ruocco et al. 2016). Malian antimalarial plants contain polysaccharides (Dénou et al. 2019). From the outcomes of the polysaccharide screening on antimalarial plants used in Mali, Argemone mexicana was selected for deep investigations of its bioactive polysaccharides.