Gustatory Mechanisms of a Specific Appetite
Robert H. Cagan in Neural Mechanisms in Taste, 2020
Sodium is the principal electrolyte of the extracellular fluid. The level of sodium in body fluids plays a crucial role in defining the electrochemical status of the intracellular and extracellular fluids. As such, sodium is essential for such processes as nerve cell function, blood volume and blood pressure maintenance, acid-base balance, and muscle contraction.3 Because of its importance to normal bodily processes, sodium levels are tightly regulated, primarily by the interplay of the kidneys and adrenal glands through hormonal signals. Physiochemical changes associated with sodium deficiency trigger activation of the renal-renin and blood-angiotensin system to promote the production and release of aldosterone from the adrenal gland. Aldosterone inhibits sodium loss through urination, perspiration, and salivation. Excess sodium, on the other hand, suppresses the renin-angiotensin system, thereby permitting sodium loss. In addition, a new hormonal factor was recently identified that may play an important role in promoting the excretion of excess sodium.4–6 In response to blood volume expansion, the atrial stretch receptors of the heart release atrial natriuretic factor, which, by its direct action on the kidney, promotes sodium excretion and inhibits aldosterone and renin secretion.
Effects of Food Processing, Storage, and Cooking on Nutrients in Plant-Based Foods
Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat in Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
General considerations: Fresh fruits and vegetables provide nutritional benefits including micronutrients such as dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds and ideally should be the first choice. In general, frozen fruits and vegetables may represent viable alternatives when fresh fruits and vegetables are not available. Frozen fruits and vegetables represent nutritionally viable alternatives to fresh produce subjected to typical postharvest holding times. Total phenolics, fiber, and minerals were for the most part well conserved in frozen samples as compared to fresh. Canned fruits and vegetables are the next option to consider. In addition to the degradation of some nutrients due to the thermal process and precanning processing steps, it is important to consider the amount of sodium added in the brining liquid of canned vegetables and the amount of sugar added to the syrup that surrounds canned fruits. Overall, the scientific evidence shows that frozen and canned fruits and vegetables should not be excluded from recommendations. These processed forms offer added convenience to the consumer and offer diversity to the diet with a small compromise in nutritional quality compared to fresh produce.
Need of Other Elements
Flavia Meyer, Zbigniew Szygula, Boguslaw Wilk in Fluid Balance, Hydration, and Athletic Performance, 2016
As discussed in this book (Chapter 19), sodium has been used in sports drinks as an electrolyte to promote fluid retention of physically active people who dehydrate from sweating. Sodium promotes acute plasma volume expansion during exercise, which is desirable to maintain performance. It also reduces diuresis resulting in lower water losses than when drinking pure water. It is possible, however, that aggressive rehydration with large fluid volumes causes the mechanical signal (baroreceptors) to be stronger than the osmotic and chemical signals which, during hypohydration, would normally help fluid retention by preventing diuresis. In other words, the human body is able to detect when it is hypohydrated and shifts into fluid conservation mode, but if it gets information about an acute plasma volume expansion, this is incorrectly interpreted as being hyperhydrated and diuresis is increased. By the time the error is detected, the body is hypohydrated again. In support of this hypothesis, the previously mentioned study by Jimenez et al. (2002) showed a clear association between acute changes in plasma volume and urine output.
Evaluation of anionic surfactants effects on the skin barrier function based on skin permeability
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Mana Okasaka, Koji Kubota, Emi Yamasaki, Jianzhong Yang, Sadaki Takata
pH value is an influential factor for skin irritation. Table 2 shows pH values of 1% surfactant solutions. The most basic anionic surfactants are saponificated fatty acids (i.e. soap). Soapy water is alkaline because of the soap hydrolysis reaction. Therefore, these anionic surfactants may have damaged the healthy mildly acidic skin by hydrolyzing or denaturing skin tissue (Kanikkannan and Singh 2002; James-Smith et al. 2011). Sodium laurate (C), a fatty acid soap, influenced the skin barrier function to the greatest extent (Transmission Index =2.53; Figure 4). The pH of 1% sodium laurate can be as high as 9.92, suggesting a relationship between surfactant properties and their effects on the barrier function. The sulfate series anionic surfactants (A, B) were prepared by the neutralizing strong acid esters from a higher alcohol. These sodium salts are neutral or acidic (Table 2). Therefore, their influence on skin barrier function is weaker than that of fatty acid soaps.
Effect of volume of porogens on the porosity of PLGA scaffolds in pH-controlled environment
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Manish Gupta, Adeyinka Aina, Yamina Boukari, Stephen Doughty, Andrew Morris, Nashiru Billa
In this study, we aimed to compare the effect of volume of two types of porogens, sodium chloride and ammonium bicarbonate (gas-producing). Sodium chloride is used to create the osmotic gradient that follows the inflow of water into the internal droplets, causing them to swell in size. Later these swollen inner droplets are immobilized within the polymer matrix. Further these droplets are evaporated during the drying process and hence pores are created (Ahmed & Bodmeier 2009). It will be interesting to study the effect of porogen volume on the porosity of microparticles, as there are few studies that address this issue. It is very likely that porogen volume significantly affects the porosity of microparticles. So, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of ammonium bicarbonate and sodium chloride on the porosity of PLGA microparticles.
Chemical mismanagement and skin burns among hospitalized and outpatient department patients
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2021
Salman Majeed, Mati Ur Rahman, Hammad Majeed, Sami Ur Rahman, Asif Hayat, Sandra D. Smith
Chemical skin burn accidents have been reported by many epidemiologic studies across the world [3,8,9]. These incidents vary with geographies, population and infrastructure of the industries [10]. Many reasons for burn incidents are noted in the existing studies, e.g., causative agents, which are commonly involved in the often-quoted skin burn injuries, i.e., acids and alkalis. Scholars note that hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide are some of the agents which may cause skin burns immediately. Some solvents may also be the reasons for skin burns, such as white phosphorus [11]. These types of acids, alkalis and solvents are widely used in the chemical processing industry, in the manufacturing industry and in non-chemical industries. Acids, alkalis and solvents are also used in restaurants and tourism sites for cleaning and washing purposes. After the reported accidents of fire and scalding injuries in China, chemical burns are frequently documented as the leading cause of occupational and other injuries [8]. When such accidents happen, initial treatment protocols at hospital are to remove victims’ rings or jewelry (if wearing) alongside removing those pieces of clothing which have been covered by chemicals or have been burned [12]. It is advised to cover patients with blankets, dry sheets or burnshield to prevent hypothermia, control cooling of the wound and dress the burn wound as first-aid treatment in a hospital emergency department [12,13].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Electrolysis
- Extracellular Fluid
- Halite
- Lye
- Chlorine
- Sodium Hydroxide
- Soap
- Salt
- Deicing
- Mineral