The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Diabetes
Emmanuel C. Opara, Sam Dagogo-Jack in Nutrition and Diabetes, 2019
Results from human studies have demonstrated the benefits of synbiotics on GI health, obesity, and DM-2, and weight loss in children. Prebiotics have been found to lower fasting and postprandial glucose levels, as well as to increase glucose sensitivity and improve lipid profiles. Probiotics have been shown to provide a significant benefit in DM-2 patients through weight loss via consumption of fermented milk and dairy products. Prebiotics have also been shown to stimulate the production of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), a hormone used to regulate metabolism. One prebiotic in particular, inulin, has been studied and is a popular way to aid a nutrient supply to healthy gut microbiota. Inulin is a type of fiber found in plants, consisting of chains of fructose molecules. The nutrients from inulin are broken down into short fatty acid chains, which nourish the gut microbiota. A randomized, controlled study was conducted in which 46 participants with metabolic syndrome were given either a placebo or probiotic supplement capsule consisting of 1.2 × 1010 colony-forming cells, together with an inulin fiber prebiotic. Participants were instructed to take this probiotic capsule twice a day for 12 weeks. At 12 weeks, those participants in the experimental group had a lower blood pressure and greater weight loss compared to controls. The placebo group also experienced weight loss, but only during the first 6 weeks of the study [19].
Mode of Action of Selected Botanicals That Lower Blood Glucose
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton in Type 2 Diabetes, 2018
A study reported in the Journal of Endocrinology showed that inulin-type fructans could prevent obesity, steatosis, and hyperglycemia. Moreover, the fermentation of fructans in the intestines of rats has been demonstrated to stimulate incretin secretion in the colon (Cani, Daubioul, Reusens et al. 2005; Kok, Morgan, Williams et al. 1998). In addition, 5-week feeding with inulin significantly slowed body weight gain, food intake, and blood glucose levels in C57BL/6J mice (Urías-Silvas, Cani, Delmée et al. 2008). An elevation of GLP-1 levels was observed in the portal vein and proximal colon (Urías-Silvas, Cani, Delmée et al. 2008). It remains unclear whether fructans can enhance incretin production in humans with Type 2 diabetes.
Kuth
Inulin present in the root is a non-digestible food ingredient, an appetite suppressant. It increases the faecal matter and improves the bacterial ecology in the colon. It stimulates the growth and activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon (such as bifidobacteria) and cleanses the intestine by reducing the amount of harmful intestinal bacteria. It increases the bifidobacterial count 5–8 times and brings a significant reduction in Bacteriosides fusobacteria and Clostridia (Kleessen et al. 1997, Gibson et al. 1995, Bouhnik et al. 1996).
Encapsulation of bioactive compounds extracted from Cucurbita moschata pumpkin waste: the multi-objective optimisation study
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2022
Slađana Stajčić, Pezo Lato, Jasna Čanadanović-Brunet, Gordana Ćetković, Anamarija Mandić, Vesna Tumbas Šaponjac, Jelena Vulić, Vanja Šeregelj, Jovana Petrović
The solubility of powders is another important parameter which needs to be considered before the incorporation of some components in a food product (Bajaj et al. 2015). The solubility of a freeze-drying powder product, i.e. encapsulation is strongly influenced by the wall material (Nafiunisa et al. 2017). Maltodextrin is a polysaccharide with high polarity, thus it is soluble in the water (Nafiunisa et al. 2017). Also, inulin is classified as soluble fibre (Dehghan et al. 2013). Protein solubility is influenced by the extraction procedures used in manufacturing isolates, the protein fractions present in the powder, and the pH (Bajaj et al. 2015). The solubility of the final product is not only associated with solubility prospective of wall material, but also on attainted particle size in final desirable product. Smaller, particles size could provide a better surface area’s availability for the hydration process (Hussain et al. 2018). Solubility of OE-T and OE-EE were found to be 60.00 g/100 g and 61.68 g/100 g, respectively (Table 3). The similarity in the composition of the wall materials used for the preparation of optimal encapsulates and particle size had an influence on their close solubility values. Also, similar values of particle density can explain similar solubility of encapsulates (Díaz et al. 2019).
Vancomycin prevents fermentable fiber-induced liver cancer in mice with dysbiotic gut microbiota
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Vishal Singh, Beng San Yeoh, Ahmed A. Abokor, Rachel M. Golonka, Yuan Tian, Andrew D. Patterson, Bina Joe, Mathias Heikenwalder, Matam Vijay-Kumar
In our recent study,9 we documented that a subset (~40%) of Toll-like receptor 5 deficient (T5KO) mice consistently developed hyperbilirubinemia and cholestatic liver injury within four weeks of feeding an open-source diet formulated to contain 7.5% refined inulin (a prebiotic, fermentable fiber). After six months, the cholestasis in these mice evolved into robust icteric HCC. These findings cautioned that highly-refined inulin may not operate in the same manner as their naturally-occurring and health-promoting counterparts in grains, fruits and vegetables. Rather, the onset of cholestasis in T5KO mice fed an inulin-containing diet (ICD) are more aligned with the pathology seen in humans who develop jaundice and liver disease following long-term intake of refined plant-derived or herbal supplements.10-15 Intriguingly, we found that the susceptibility of T5KO mice to ICD-induced HCC is dependent on their gut microbiota,9 which we had previously characterized to be in a state of dysbiosis.16,17 Interventions that ablate the gut microbiota via broad-spectrum antibiotics or inhibit bacterial fermentation via β-acids (a fermentation inhibitor used to prevent spoilage in beer-making) were sufficient to prevent ICD-induced HCC.9 However, the identities of the bacterial taxa and metabolites mediating ICD-induced HCC remain poorly understood.
Taking a prebiotic approach to early immunomodulation for allergy prevention
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2018
Rachelle Pretorius, Susan L. Prescott, Debra J. Palmer
The best-studied carbohydrate prebiotic substrates that are selectively utilized by host microorganisms include inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) (produced from inulin), and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) (manufactured from lactose). Inulin is found naturally in a variety of plant foods such as chicory, asparagus, garlic, leeks, onion, artichoke, bananas, and wheat dextrin [31,32]. There is evidence indicating that foods high in prebiotics have been consumed since prehistoric time [32] at much higher levels than modern diets [33]. Archaeological evidence from dry cave deposits in the northern Chihuahuan Desert show intensive utilization of desert plants high in inulin, suggesting that the dietary intake of inulin was about 135 g/day for the typical adult male hunter-forager [33]. Today, a typical intake of inulin for adults is estimated to be between 3 and 11 g per day in Europe (where Mediterranean style diets have a higher prebiotic content) and between 1 and 4 g per day in the USA (following a typical Westernized diet) [32]. There is no real consensus on the required amount of prebiotic fiber in the diet; however, inulin and FOS have been shown to increase fecal Bifidobacterium levels after consumption of 5–8 g per day [31].
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