Potential of Diet and Dietary Supplementation to Ameliorate the Chronic Clinical Perturbations of Metabolic Syndrome
Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston in Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2015
(–)-Hydroxycitric Acid— Garcinia spp. Extract: (–)-Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), a naturally occurring substance found chiefly in fruits of the species of Garcinia, is a totally unexpected regulator of multiple pathways that influence glucose uptake and metabolism. Indeed, for 30 years after its discovery, it was universally considered to be a source of gluconeogenesis that, at best, would exercise no impact on blood glucose and insulin levels and, at worst, would seriously elevate serum glucose in diabetics. It and several synthetic derivatives of citric acid have been investigated extensively in regard to their ability to inhibit the production of fatty acids from CHO, to suppress appetite, and to inhibit weight gain.253 Weight-loss benefits were first ascribed to HCA, its salts, and its lactone in United States Patent 3,764,692 granted to John M. Lowenstein in 1973.
Lessons to Be Learnt from Ayurveda
D. Suresh Kumar in Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
The simultaneous administration of alcohol extract of fenugreek seeds for 60 days inhibited the leakage of enzymatic activities of aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase into serum and lipid peroxidation in liver and brain with ethanol toxicity (Srinivasan 2006). Hydroxycitric acid, the major compound in Garcinia cambogia, is identified to block the synthesis of lipids and fatty acids. It can also prevent the activity of enzyme A.T.P.-citrate lyase that decreases the production of acetyl-CoA, the important substance in fat and carbohydrate metabolism, leading to low L.D.L. and triglycerides formation (Meena et al. 2009). Oral administration of the extract of Emblica officinalis at doses of around 500 mg/kg inhibited gastric lesions in rats. The extract was found to protect against ethanol-induced stomach wall mucus depletion and reduce sulfhydryl concentration. The study suggested Emblica officinalis extract as antisecretory, antiulcer and cytoprotective (Al-Rehaily et al. 2002). The lipid components from fruits and vegetables provide mucosal cytoprotection through increased prostaglandins production, glycogen and glycoproteins like mucin. In many in vivo studies fruits and vegetables like Allium sativum, Abelmoschus esculentus, Citrus limon, Citrus aurantium and Emblica officinalis could increase prostaglandin E2 in gastric ulcer models, resulting in cytoprotection of gastric mucosa (Harsha et al. 2017).
Current research and future hope
G. Michael Steelman, Eric C. Westman in Obesity, 2016
Garcinia cambogia and its active ingredient hydroxycitric acid have been a popular dietary herbal supplement. The original studies in rodents by Roche in the 1960s and 1970s used a sodium salt of hydroxycitrate and saw weight loss (58–61). The monovalent salts, however, are hygroscopic and difficult to make into capsules. Thus, the salt sold as a dietary herbal supplement was largely the calcium salt. The calcium salt was tested by Heymsfield et al. (62) in a well-done clinical trial and showed it to be ineffective for weight loss probably due to its insolubility. Preuss et al. (63) reported a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which 90 subjects were randomized to 2800 mg of a calcium and potassium salt of hydroxycitrate or a placebo. Over 8 weeks, there was a 4.9 kg weight loss in the hydroxycitrate group compared to a 1.5 kg weight loss in the placebo group. Thus, it appears that G. cambogia as a monovalent salt may be an effective dietary supplement for the treatment of obesity.
Use and perceived effectiveness of complementary medicines for weight loss in adult women
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2023
J Bussicott, R Patel, J Pellow, RK Razlog
Garcinia cambogia and its main active constituent, hydroxycitric acid, are a popular ingredient found in many CM weight-loss products and have been extensively studied in relation to weight control. Hydroxycitric acid influences weight loss through appetite suppression via serotonin level regulation and metabolic modifications that promote energy expenditure.26 A review article by Fassina et al.27 showed that, although the evidence is contradictory, various studies have produced positive findings of promoting weight loss by suppressing the appetite and enhancing lipogenesis, as well as lowering cholesterol and glucose levels. The results of these studies are difficult to compare as they are heterogeneous in their methodologies (i.e. population groups tested, dosages given and duration of treatment), therefore the exact amount of weight loss that can be expected to be achieved is difficult to quantify. While Garcinia cambogia supplements appear to be safe in the vast majority of these studies, adverse effects have been reported, with the most significant being the potential for hepatotoxicity.27Garcinia cambogia might interact with anti-diabetic drugs, antidepressants and CYP2B6 substrate drugs, including antimalarials, antivirals, analgesics, anticonvulsants and anti-tumour medications.28 Further investigations are therefore needed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of this supplement for weight loss.
Desalted Salicornia europaea powder and its active constituent, trans-ferulic acid, exert anti-obesity effects by suppressing adipogenic-related factors
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Myung-Jin Kim, Jin-Hyoung Kim, Sok-Ho Kim, Hyeon-Kyu Go, Mee-Hyang Kweon, Do-Hyung Kim
Garcinia cambogia (Clusiaceae) is a well-known and popular hypolipidemic herbal plant (Marquez et al. 2012; Vasques et al. 2014). It is readily available in markets as a food supplement and contains hydroxycitric acid (HCA) as its active ingredient. This study investigates the attenuating effects of DSP on body weight gain and visceral adiposity (total abdominal fat, visceral abdominal fat and subcutaneous abdominal fat) in an obese rat model in comparison with Garcinia cambogia. To determine the underlying mechanism involved in the anti-obesity effect, trans-ferulic acid (TFA) was identified by HPLC analysis as the most abundant component in DSP, and it was also investigated in regard to whether DSP-derived TFA could attenuate adipogenisity and adipogenic-related factors in mouse 3T3L-1adipocytes.
A decade of nutraceutical patents: where are we now in 2018?
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2018
Patricia Daliu, Antonello Santini, Ettore Novellino
A more recent patent named: ‘Nutraceutical compound for the treatment of excess of weight and moderate hypercholesterolemia and dysglycemia’ invented in 2018 (Ref. EP3378335 (A1) – 2018 −09–26) by Maglione V. (Akademy Farma S.r.L. – Monza, Italy; patent international A23L33/105; A23L33/155) proposes a nutraceutical made by 1-deoxynojirimycin, berberine, hydroxycitric acid and vitamin D3. This nutraceutical formulation contains berberine in quantities in a range between 50 and 60 times the quantity of 1-deoxynojirimycin (present as dry extract of Morus alba leaves), while the hydroxycitric acid is present in quantities in the range from 25 to 35 times the amount of 1-deoxynojirimycin. Vitamin D3 is present in quantities in the range between 0.1% and 0.4%, while the 1-deoxynojirimycin is present in an amount equal to 10 mg/day. Berberine is obtained as an extract from Berberis aristata bark, and hydroxycitric acid is obtained from the skin of Garcinia Cambogia fruits. Morus alba is present in an amount in the range between 400 mg/day and 700 mg/day. Again in this case, all the natural origin substances used in the proposed formulation are known for the claimed effect. A Chinese study of 2014 evaluated the effects of a multiherb formula containing Crataegus pinnatifida (1 g daily), Alisma orientalis, Stigma maydis, Ganoderma lucidum, Polygonum multiflorum, and Morus alba on plasma lipid and glucose levels in Chinese patients with dyslipidemia concluding that a moderate effect was observed on plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after 12 weeks of treatment in subjects with dyslipidemia [65], The (−)-Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), a major component of Garcinia cambogia extract and which is contained in the proposed nutraceutical formulation, has been shown to suppress body weight gain and fat accumulation in animals and humans [66].
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