Fungi and Water
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Fungi have cell walls similar to plants and are different from animals. The fungal cell wall is composed of chitin that gives shape, form, and rigidity to fungi. It protects against mechanical injury, prevents osmotic lysis, and provides passive protection against the ingress of potentially harmful macromolecules (2–3). Chitin is a polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The major polysaccharides of the cell wall matrix consist of non-cellulosic glucans such as glycogen-like compounds, mannans (polymers of mannose), chitosan (polymers of glucosamine), and galactans (polymers of galactose). Small amounts of fucose, rhamnose, xylose, and uronic acids may be present (2). Glucan refers to a large group of D-glucose polymers having glycosidic bonds. Insoluble β-glucans are apparently amorphous in the cell wall. Yeast cell wall is composed of three layers and is about 200- to 600-nm thick. Its inner surface is chitinous, and its outer layer contains α-glucan (2). In addition to chitin, glucan, and mannan, cell walls may contain lipid, protein, chitosan, acid phosphatase, α-amylase, protease, melanin, and inorganic ions such as phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium (2). The fungal wall also protects cells against mechanical injury and blocks the ingress of toxic macromolecules. The fungal cell wall is also essential to prevent osmotic lysis. Even a small lesion in the cell wall can result in extrusion of cytoplasm due to the internal (turgor) pressure of the protoplast. The cell membrane of a fungus has a unique sterol and ergosterol (3).
Microbial Pathways of Lipid A Biosynthesis
Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison in Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
The investigations cited above are important from the standpoint that they provided the first data in support of the conclusion that synthesis of a complete Kdo-lipid A is indeed essential for normal cell growth and physiology. They also provided the first evidence that Kdo is incorporated into lipid A prior to the complete incorporation of fatty acyl substituents. Neverthe-less, these studies provided very little information about the individual steps involved in lipid A synthesis. However, shortly after the initial description of the acidic lipid A precursor, Nishijima and Raetz (3-diacylglucosamine 1-phosphate) and 2-deoxy-2-[(R)-3-hexadecanoyloxytetradecanamido]-3-O-[(R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl]-α- D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate (3-triacylglucosamine 1-phosphate), respectively (23,44) (Fig. 4). As discussed below, lipid X is an early intermediate in the pathway of lipid A biosynthesis, and the isolation and characterization of lipid X proved to be of pivotal importance in the eventual elucidation of the steps involved in this pathway.
Medicinal Plants of the Trans-Himalayas
Raymond Cooper, Jeffrey John Deakin in Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, 2020
Various organic acids (oleic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, myristic, stearic, linolenic, arachidonic, behenic) are reported to have been extracted from the fruit of the plant by GC-MS analysis (Pintea et al., 2001). Hippophae cerebroside, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, 19-α-hydroxyursolic acid, dulcioic acid, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde, cirsiumaldehyde, octacosanoic acid, palmitic acid, and 1-O-hexadecanolenin were isolated from the fruit of H. rhamnoides. Isorhamnetin 3-O-β-d-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucoside, and protocatechuic acid were reported in Sea Buckthorn juice concentrate (Gutzeit et al., 2007). Tiitinen et al. (2006, 11) reported the presence of D-fructose, D-glucose, ethyl-D-glucose, malic acid, quinic acid, and ascorbic acid as major sugars and acids in the juice and identified ethyl-β-D-glucopyranoside. A novel triglyceride, viz. 1,3-dicapryloyl-2-linoleoylglycerol, was reported in the fruit (Swaroop et al., 2005). The GC-MS analysis of the fruit shows the presence of ethyl dodecenoate, ethyl octanoate, decanol, ethyl decanoate, and ethyl dodecanoate (Cakir, 2004).
Platelet glycogenolysis is important for energy production and function
Published in Platelets, 2023
Kanakanagavalli Shravani Prakhya, Hemendra Vekaria, Daniёlle M. Coenen, Linda Omali, Joshua Lykins, Smita Joshi, Hammodah R. Alfar, Qing Jun Wang, Patrick Sullivan, Sidney W. Whiteheart
A key enzyme needed to mobilize glucose from glycogen is glycogen phosphorylase.4 This enzyme removes terminal, α1–4-linked, glucoses from the polymer, generating glucose-1-phosphate that can be further metabolized by glycolysis.11 Glycogen phosphorylase exists in two interconvertible forms (a and b); the proportions of each are regulated by phosphorylation.12 Pharmacological inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase have been developed to attenuate the hyperglycemia associated with diabetes, though their success has been limited because of bleeding complications.13,14 Two structurally related compounds, CP316819 and CP91149, inhibit GP by binding at the regulatory pocket.13 CP316819 is a more efficacious derivative of CP91149. These inhibitors principally bind to the less active b form and prevent its conversion to the more active a form.
The measurement of college athletes’ knowledge and behavior on pre- and post-workout nutrition utilizing a text message intervention
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Hannah Young, Julie R. Schumacher, Scott Pierce, Jennifer L. Barnes
While all nutrients are important for optimal health and performance, carbohydrates and protein are of particular interest for their roles in fueling activity and recovery. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and fiber in food and are a source of energy for the body. Starches and sugar provide glucose, the main energy source.8 This glucose is stored as glycogen, which is the primary energy source for active people.8 Proteins help the body build tissues and repair damage incurred as a part of training and competition.9 Carbohydrates serve to provide energy to an athlete before and during a workout, and mixed carbohydrate-protein meals have shown to increase recovery post-workout, including increased glycogen synthesis.10 In optimal amounts, they function to support and enhance athletic performance.
Formulation and characterization of eprosartan mesylate and β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex prepared by microwave technology
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Abdul Ahad, Yousef A. Bin Jardan, Mohd. Zaheen Hassan, Mohammad Raish, Ajaz Ahmad, Abdullah M. Al-Mohizea, Fahad I. Al-Jenoobi
The docking approach was utilized to examine EM's attachment behavior with the β-CD. To delve deeper into this aspect, we undertake molecular docking of eprosartan into the cavity of β-CD. The docked conformations of the ligand eprosartan bound to the β-CD are shown in Figure 10. The central less hydrophilic toroid of β-CD well accommodated the eprosartan. The docking investigation has disclosed that the affinity for binding the eprosartan at the β-CD was −6.2 kcal/mol, this strongly demonstrates the complex's stability. The binding configurations of drug with β-CD disclosed that the eprosartan inhabited the central region of β-CD by creating two hydrogen bonds. The 2-carboxy group of eprosartan made a tight hydrogen connection with the primary hydroxyl group of glucopyranose in β-CD, with the bond length of 1.66 Å. The second hydrogen bond was observed between the benzoic carboxy group and secondary hydroxyl group of glucopyranose (2.08 Å). Aromatic benzene ring and imidazolyl ring of eprosartan inhabited the hydrophobic region of β-CD which established multiple CH–π connections; however, the aliphatic butyl group formed hydrophobic contacts with the glucopyranose.