Nanoparticles from Marine Biomaterials for Cancer Treatment
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Carrageenan is a linear sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the extracellular matrix of various red algae in the Florideophyceae class: Agardhiella, Chondrus crispus, Eucheuma, Furcellaria, Gigartina, Hypnea, Iridaea, Sarconema, and Solieria (Pacheco-Quito et al. 2020). It is composed of β-D-galactose and anhydrogalactose units, linked by glycosidic unions with ester sulfate groups (Silva et al. 2012). Its molecular weight is over 100 kDa and is classified into six basic forms, kappa (κ-), iota (ɩ-), lambda (λ-), mu (μ-), nu (ν-), beta (β-), and theta (θ-) based on the sulfate groups (Pacheco-Quito et al. 2020). κ is the most abundant form, and λ is the second-most abundant form of carrageenan. Due to its biocompatibility and unique properties, carrageenan is used to improve drug formulation properties, especially to prolong drug release (Khan et al. 2017).
Carbohydrate and glycosylation disorders
Steve Hannigan in Inherited Metabolic Diseases: A Guide to 100 Conditions, 2018
Galactose is a sugar found in lactose-containing foods such as milk and other dairy products. It is broken down in the gut to form glucose and galactose. Galactose is further broken down in the body by a series of chemical reactions, each of which requires a speciic enzyme. There are three recognised inborn errors of galactose metabolism: galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency – classical galactosae-miagalactokinase deficiencyuridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase (GALE) deficiency.
Section 5
Padmanabhan Ramnarayan in MCQs in Paediatrics for the MRCPCH, Part 1, 2017
Galactosaemia is an inherited disorder of galactose metabolism in which there is an absence of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyl trans-ferase. Affected infants present within days after ingesting milk (especially breast milk) and develop failure to thrive, diarrhoea, liver failure and sepsis with Gram-negative organisms. Cataracts develop soon after birth. Hypoglycaemia is common in affected infants. Complete elimination of galactose from the diet prevents the early complications and mortality. However, the long-term complications like visual perception and intellectual dysfunction as well as sterility in females is not prevented even with a rigorous dietary schedule.
GALE variants associated with syndromic manifestations, macrothrombocytopenia, bleeding, and platelet dysfunction
Published in Platelets, 2023
Ana Marín-Quílez, Christian A. Di Buduo, Rocío Benito, Alessandra Balduini, José Rivera, Jose Maria Bastida
Patients with the peripheral epimerase-deficiency galactosemia exhibit enzyme deficiency that is restricted to the circulating blood cells, and it is considered as clinically benign. It has been described as more frequent in some ethnic groups, such as African-Americans [6]. The common phenotype of these patients is galactosemia, caused by the accumulation of galactose metabolites, and the treatment is mainly based on the restriction of lactose and derivatives. Nevertheless, patients with reduced enzymatic activity without galactosemia had also been described [7]. Otherwise, the generalized form of galactosemia III associates with epimerase deficiency in all tissues, and it is more severe and less common than the peripheral form. Several patients worldwide have been described with syndromic manifestations that may include learning difficulties, delayed growth, sensorineural hearing loss, and early-onset cataracts, and, less frequently, cardiac failure and hepatomegaly [2,8–10] (Figure 3). Despite the removal of lactose from diet, it is not sufficient to prevent long-term complications [11]. In the last decade, some patients with an intermediate form of galactosemia have been reported some patients with an intermediate form, which present with syndromic manifestations, less marked than in the generalized form, due to an enzyme activity that is markedly deficient in circulating blood cells, but it is higher than 50% compare to normal levels in other cell types [12].
Effect of hematocrit, galactose and ascorbic acid on the blood glucose readings of three point-of-care glucometers
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2022
Fawaz Albloui, James John, Osama Alghamdi, Faisal Alseraye, Abdullah Alqahtani, Waleed Tamimi, Abdullah Albloshi, Fahad M. Aldakheel, Ayesha Mateen, Rabbani Syed
Several factors can affect glucometer results (Table 1). Hematocrit (Hct) count can vary depending on gender and age. Low Hct can be caused by several factors, for example, anemia and sickle cell anemia, malnutrition, hemorrhage and leukemia [6,8,12]. Hct can often increase because of dehydration, certain bone marrow disorders and tumors, lung diseases and living at high altitudes. Generally, glucometers are optimized to normal Hct levels, which are approximately 40–50%. Erythrocytes effectively act as a physical barrier altering the diffusion rate of glucose in test strip chemistry; therefore, Hct concentration is proportional to the rate of the reaction in the test strip and inversely proportional to the meter signal [13], i.e. Hct above the normal range will give a lower glucose reading, while Hct below the normal range will give a higher glucose reading. Galactose is found in many herbs, foods and nutritional supplements and is also used in diagnostic tests. This type of sugar can interfere with certain blood glucometers [14]. Incorrect glucose readings mask hypoglycemia and give false positives for hyperglycemia. Inaccurate glucose readings were reported in some patients who received products containing galactose, maltose and xylose and were treated with aggressive insulin therapy as a result [15]. In POCGs, using test strips containing the enzymes glucose dehydrogenase or glucose dye oxidoreductase can lead to erroneous measurements of glucose and consequently produce a falsely elevated glucose reading [16].
Food and beverages undermining elderly health: three food-based dietary guidelines to avoid or delay chronic diseases of lifestyle among the elderly in South Africa
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2021
Yasaman Jamshidi-Naeini, Gugulethu Moyo, Carin Napier, Wilna Oldewage-Theron
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines sugars as (a) intrinsic sugars that are present in the structure of fruits and vegetables by nature (fructose); (b) sugars that are present in dairy (lactose and galactose); (c) free sugars including monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods and beverages by the food industry or the consumer; and (d) sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates.37 Based on the definition by the WHO, it seems that the terms ‘free sugars’ and ‘added sugars’ are used interchangeably. Added sugars could be listed under different names on food labels, including brown sugar, corn sweetener, corn syrup, dextrose, fructose, glucose, high-fructose corn syrup, honey, invert sugar, lactose, malt, syrup, maltose, molasses, raw sugar, sucrose, trehalose and turbinado sugar.38 Foods with intrinsic sugars generally have more favourable nutrient profiles compared with those with added sugars that are added to foods during processing and preparation including mostly foods (e.g. jam, biscuits, cake, sweets, chocolates, sweetened breakfast cereals) and beverages (e.g. carbonated sugar-sweetened beverages, sweetened fruit and dairy drinks, fruit-flavoured squashes) higher in energy and lower in nutrient density.39