Medicinal Mushrooms
Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam in Herbal Product Development, 2020
Prebiotics are nondigestible ingredients found in food which stimulate the growth or action of probiotics (i.e., beneficial microorganisms). Probiotics play an important role in the overall health of the gut. They help with the breakdown and digestion of food and the regulation of the immune system, and they also inhibit the growth of pathogens. Prebiotics are obtained from the nondigestible fiber in certain plant-based foods. The key compounds in prebiotics are galactooligosaccharide, oligosaccharides, and inulin. Mushroom is one of the good sources of prebiotics because they are rich in polysaccharides such as chitin, galactans, hemicellulose, mannans, α- and β-glucans, and xylans (Singdevsachan et al., 2015). These nondigestible mushroom polysaccharides have the potential to enhance the growth of probiotic bacteria in the gut, and this will inhibit the proliferation of pathogens (Bhakta and Kumar, 2013).
Implementing Nutritional Lifestyle Treatment Programs in Type 2 Diabetes
James M. Rippe in Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Dietary fiber modulates the postprandial glucose response by acting as a physical barrier to glucose absorption and blunting prandial glycemic excursions.42,76,77 Fiber is metabolized by intestinal bacteria into short-chain fatty acids, which improve glucose sensitivity and insulin signaling.78 High fiber foods also have lower energy density, promote satiety, and reduce insulin resistance, assisting with weight loss.42 Specific prebiotic dietary fibers such as galactooligosaccharides, inulins, and their fructooligosaccharide derivatives have been shown to improve the species composition of the colonic microbiota.79 Beneficial changes in the gut microbiota increase short-chain fatty acids, particularly propionate, butyrate, and acetate, which have health-promoting properties, including improved lipid metabolism and immunomodulatory effects.78 Certain fibers also enhance mineral absorption of magnesium and other elements, which may be beneficial to MetS pathophysiology.80
Prebiotics
Linda M. Castell, Samantha J. Stear (Nottingham), Louise M. Burke in Nutritional Supplements in Sport, Exercise and Health, 2015
Findings from population cohorts suggest possible benefits of prebiotic supplementation in athletes. Prebiotic supplements have had beneficial effects in reducing gastrointestinal and respiratory illness symptoms. A study on student, investigating the effects of 2.5g and 5g of galactooligosaccharide (GOS) supplementation for eight weeks around examination time found that supplementation with GOS was associated with lower GI illness symptom scores, while 2.5 g of GOS was generally associated with reduced cold and flu severity scores (Jain et al., 2009). Another GOS study at a dose of 5.5g daily in healthy volunteers undertaking international travel reported substantial reductions in the incidence and duration of diarrhoea (Drakoularakou et al., 2010). These findings suggest that prebiotics may be a useful prophylactic strategy for athletes during competition stress and international travel.
Therapeutic methods of gut microbiota modification in colorectal cancer management – fecal microbiota transplantation, prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka, Agnieszka Daca, Mateusz Fic, Thierry van de Wetering, Marcin Folwarski, Wojciech Makarewicz
Prebiotics are selectively fermentable, non-digestible oligosaccharides or ingredients which cause alterations in the composition and activity of gut microbiota conferring health benefits.38 Prebiotics are carbohydrates including fructooligosaccharides (FOS), xylooligosaccharides (XOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), inulin, and fructans. Fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides have been the compounds mainly investigated as prebiotics. These compounds possess many properties, such as the stimulation of beneficial indigenous gut bacteria, production of short-chain fatty acids, modulation of the immune response, modification of gene expression in bacterial cells in cecum, colon, and feces, enhancement of absorption of micronutrients in colon, and the modulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes.38 Prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis was claimed to exert an antitumorigenic activity in azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. There is also a report that the administration of inulin could reduce the cecal pH.60
Dietary polydextrose and galactooligosaccharide increase exploratory behavior, improve recognition memory, and alter neurochemistry in the young pig
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Stephen A. Fleming, Supida Monaikul, Alexander J. Patsavas, Rosaline V. Waworuntu, Brian M. Berg, Ryan N. Dilger
PDX is a non-digestible polysaccharide composed of a highly branched glucose polymer. It is fermented in the large intestine by host microbiota, with approximately 60% excreted in feces.4 Consumption of PDX in adults has been shown to increase absorption of calcium, magnesium, and iron,5–7 improve glucose and lipid metabolism,8,9 and increase the presence of beneficial bacteria.10,11 Infant consumption of formula containing both PDX and GOS brought stool consistency and fecal counts of Bifidobacterium longum and total bifidobacterial counts closer to that of breastfed infants when compared to infants consuming formula without PDX and GOS.12 Galactooligosaccharides are found in numerous structural configurations, and are typically composed of galactose monomers linked together by β-glycosidic linkages with a terminal glucopyranosyl residue linked via an α-glycosydic bond.13 Supplementation of infant formula with GOS supports the selective growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli species,14,15 and provision of formula containing GOS has also been shown to reduce intestinal infection16 and incidence of allergy17 in infants.
Dietary sialylated oligosaccharides in early-life may promote cognitive flexibility during development in context of obesogenic dietary intake
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Caroline Clouard, Inonge Reimert, Stephen A. Fleming, Sietse-Jan Koopmans, Teun Schuurman, Jonas Hauser
In light of significant evidence implicating a link between multiple oligosaccharides of various compositions and cognition, it is unclear why the present study suggests this only occurred for sialyllactose alone. A variety of factors may be at play: synergistic effects between oligosaccharides, different animal models used, various methods employed to test cognition, doses, etc. Beyond methodological and dietary differences, the reason behind the discrepancy may not surface until further mechanistic research is performed. Even for studies of single, discrete compounds (i.e. the structure of 2′-FL or 3′-SL is consistent, whereas galactooligosaccharide may have various degrees of polymerization and branching) the true mechanism is not known. Hypotheses surrounding the gut–brain-axis are largely divided into direct effects (via the vagus nerve) or indirect effects (absorption of metabolites/bioactives or modulation of the immune system) [66].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bifidobacterium
- Degree of Polymerization
- Digestive Enzyme
- Enzyme
- Prebiotic
- Lactose
- Degree of Polymerization
- Substrate
- Short-Chain Fatty Acid
- Nutrient
- Lactobacillaceae