Untangling Appetite Circuits with Optogenetics and Chemogenetics
Ruth B.S. Harris in Appetite and Food Intake, 2017
The word “hunger” encapsulates many concepts. At its core, the interoceptive detection of hunger, foraging to locate a potential food source, and ensuing consumption of calories and nutrients are the most primitive and conserved behavior across Kingdom Animalia. In mammals, the homeostatic maintenance of energetic state is highlighted by a sensorimotor feedback system that strives to maintain stability through the concerted regulation of both energy intake (via caloric consumption) and energy expenditure (via basal metabolism, adaptive thermogenesis, and physical exertion). This simple formula, whose unbalanced equilibrium results in alterations in body weight and subsequent maladaptive physiology, has influenced our genes, lifestyles, and landscapes throughout human history.
Central Regulation of Brainstem Gastric Vago-Vagal Control Circuits
Sue Ritter, Robert C. Ritter, Charles D. Barnes in Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents, 2020
Pavlov68 and Cannon and Lieb,15 also have demonstrated clearly that the central nervous system exerts considerable anticipatory control over digestive processes. In the classical conditioning paradigm, exterosensory events related to the imminent initiation of ingestion and digestion (i.e., sight, smell, auditory signals, taste) are powerful initiators of salivation, fundic (receptive) relaxation, antral contractions, gastric secretion, pancreatic endocrine and exocrine secretion as well as changes in the overall motility patterns of the intestine. On the other hand, foraging and hunting animals often (and quite suddenly) become the object of predation or attack while ingesting a meal. When faced with such a threat, the organism must prepare either to fight or flee and to suppress the digestive process at once. The termination of gastrointestinal function is essential if skeletal muscle blood flow is to be maximized to meet the threat.
The Ecology of Parasitism
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin in Parasitology, 2015
Another action taken by some animals after they have acquired parasites is self-medication, here referring to a change in foraging behavior to include medicinal substances in their diets. Gorillas, bonobos, and chimpanzees have all been shown to ingest folded leaves or to swallow leaves whole. These leaves are often rough and covered with stiff hairs. Their rough surfaces may directly abrade or dislodge parasites, entrap nematodes in their folds, or trigger elevated gut motility thus favoring parasite expulsion. Nematodes are sometimes expelled with such leaves, and leaf-eating behaviors are known to increase at times of the year when parasites are most common.
Spatiotemporal variability in activity patterns of urban street cattle as function of environmental factors
Published in Chronobiology International, 2019
Bhupendra Kumar Sahu, Arti Parganiha, Atanu Kumar Pati
With increasing temperature, light, and noise, foraging and activity increased, but laying decreased significantly. Physiologically, the foraging/activity together and laying behavior are mutually exclusive. Our findings regarding temperature were found contradictory to the results reported by Langbein and Nichelmann (1993). They observed that temperature has stressful effect on foraging and activity and therefore, are negatively correlated with the ambient temperature. In contrast, in the present study when temperature increased from morning to mid day the foraging/activity also increased. The availability of food increases as citizens begin to dump their kitchen wastes into the garbage bins from morning hours till mid-day. Enhanced foraging and activity with increasing availability of food is much more desirable for them than reducing the foraging and activity with increasing temperature. This behavior might have been developed to obtain more food in the food-deficient conditions within the urban areas, although ambient temperature is hostile.
Pleiotropy of the Drosophila melanogaster foraging gene on larval feeding-related traits
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2018
A. M. Allen, I. Anreiter, A. Vesterberg, S. J. Douglas, M. B. Sokolowski
Overall, this work represents a significant advance in how the foraging gene elicits its phenotypic effects in the larva. The expression patterns reported here can be used to generate new hypotheses about where foraging is required for other of its pleiotropic phenotypes. For example, foraging has previously been implicated in nutrient absorption in larvae (Kaun, Chakaborty-Chatterjee, & Sokolowski, 2008) and gut function in adults (Urquhart-Cronish & Sokolowski, 2014). The enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells reported here are important for absorption and digestion of ingested nutrients and visceral muscle may affect peristalsis of nutrients through the gut. foraging’s orthologue in mice is known to function in smooth muscle (Hofmann, Feil, Kleppisch, & Schlossmann, 2006; Hofmann et al., 2009; Lohmann, Vaandrager, Smolenski, Walter, & De Jonge, 1997) and it also affects gut passage time (Weber et al., 2007). The forpr3-Gal4 also drove expression in the Malpighian tubules. The tubules are vital for ion balance in the hemolymph, and foraging has been previously characterized for influencing adult Malpighian tubule secretion rate (MacPherson et al., 2004a, 2004b).
Identification of disease genes and assessment of eye-related diseases caused by disease genes using JMFC and GDLNN
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Samar Jyoti Saikia, S. R. Nirmala
Foraging behavior: Consider th hen would forage (search) for food by just going after the other chickens. The bigger the difference between the ‘2’ chickens’ FVs, the smaller will be th hen searches its food in its own territory. For the specified group ‘1’, the rooster's FV is unique. Hence, the lesser the ith hen’s FV, the nearer th hen and the roosters (its group-mate). Therefore, the more dominant hens get more food to eat than the more submissive ones. The chicks go after their mother to forage for their food. And it is evaluated as, th chick’s mother
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cognition
- Decision Theory
- Drosophila Melanogaster
- Parasitism
- Zygosity
- Fitness
- Learning
- Gene Polymorphism
- Zoopharmacognosy
- Mating