Flavonoids as Food Supplement with Special Reference to Algae and Cyanobacteria
Atul Kumar Upadhyay, D. P. Singh in Algae and Sustainable Technologies, 2020
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites with a low molecular weight polyphenolic structure with nutraceutical, medical and therapeutic significance. Flavonoids are synthesized in all parts of the plant. They provide colour, smell and taste to fruits and seeds, and make them appealing to insects, birds, and mammals, which helps with pollen and seed transmission. Due to the combination of iron-chelating and free radical scavenger properties and the inhibition of enzymes such as lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, myeloperoxidase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and xanthine oxidase, flavonoids are strong antioxidants. Flavonoids increase coronary vasodilation, diminish platelets coagulation, prevent LDL oxidation, reduce inflammation and act as anti-apoptotic and anti-necrotic agents. Cyanobacteria and algae possess unique secondary metabolites, including flavonoids with potential biological activities. Isolation and identification of these flavonoids from cyanobacteria as well as algae are expected to aid in the development of therapeutic and nutraceutical agents.
Ultratrace Minerals
Luke R. Bucci in Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Boron is essential for dicotyledon plants, which take up boron from the soil. Boron compounds complex with hydroxyl groups, facilitating flavonoid synthesis. The most common boron compounds are boric acid and sodium borate. Boric acid and borates were widely used as food preservatives from the 1870s to the 1920s and greatly contributed to preventing even worse famines during World War I. In plants, boron is thought to play multiple roles in membrane transport of nutrients, hydroxylation of phenolic rings, complexing with hydroxyl groups on furanoids, steroid, sterol, and phenolic ring structures, regulation of plant hormones by membrane effects and second messenger activations, and regulation of enzyme activities. A consensus of research in animals and plants indicates that boron plays a role in regulation of metabolism similar to regulatory actions of calcium. Deficiencies of boron were associated with suboptimal bone formation, and suboptimal mineral metabolism, indicating boron meets the criteria for an essential nutrient for animals.
Separation and Isolation of Plant Constituents
Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf in Fingerprinting Analysis and Quality Control Methods of Herbal Medicines, 2018
Natural products are secondary metabolites which are derived from herb or animal sources. Separation of a single molecular entity is very difficult from complex mixtures containing fats, oils, alkaloids, tannins, and glycosides. According to World Health Organization, a medicinal plant is any plant of which is one or more of its organs contain substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes or which are precursors for chemo-pharmaceutical semi synthesis. Steroidal glycosides are also referred to as "cardiac glycosides" and are one of the most naturally occurring plant phyto-constituents that have found therapeutic applications as arrow poisons or cardiac drugs. Most alkaloids are readily soluble in alcohol though they are sparingly soluble in water. Flavonoids are an important group of polyphenols widely distributed among the plant flora. Terpenes are among the most widespread and chemically diverse groups of natural products.
Estimated Flavonoid Intake of the Elderly in the United States and Around the World
Published in Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2012
Ock Chun, Sang Lee, Ying Wang, Terrence Vance, Won Song
The aging population has been growing fast in the United States and worldwide. The morbidity of age-related chronic degenerative diseases has also been increasing in parallel. Numerous studies have reported that consumption of flavonoid-rich fruits and vegetables is inversely associated with such chronic diseases as Alzheimer's disease, age-related macular degeneration, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. In establishing flavonoids as one of the contributors to the protective effects, the very first step is to estimate flavonoid intake from various dietary sources. Estimation of flavonoid intake from dietary sources has been feasible since 2003 when the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) released the database for the flavonoid content of selected foods. Since then, several articles have been published in which flavonoid intake in various subpopulation groups was estimated from relatively large, current databases of flavonoid concentration data. However, information is still limited on the intake by seniors in the United States and worldwide. This review summarizes the most current estimates of flavonoid intake by seniors in the United States and elsewhere.
Estimation of Flavonoid Intake in Older Australians: Secondary Data Analysis of the Blue Mountains Eye Study
Published in Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2015
Katherine Kent, Karen E. Charlton, Joanna Russell, Paul Mitchell, Victoria M. Flood
Flavonoids, consumed in plant-based foods, have been linked to risk reduction of cancers, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. The paucity of information on dietary sources and quantities of flavonoid intake in older adults limits interpretation of epidemiological studies that link flavonoid intake with health outcomes in this population. It was our aim to describe total flavonoid intake, including flavonoid subclasses, in older Australians and to identify rich and commonly consumed sources of flavonoids in this age group. Twelve days of weighed food record dietary data from a subsample of the Blue Mountains Eye Study baseline cohort study of older Australians (n = 79) was analyzed using the US Department of Agriculture flavonoid database. Mean intake of flavonoids was estimated to be 683 mg/day (SD = 507) of which flavan-3-ols contributed 92%, followed by flavonols (4%), flavanones (3%), and flavones (
A significant mechanism of molecular recognition between bioflavonoids and P-glycoprotein leading to herb-drug interactions
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2018
Pathomwat Wongrattanakamon, Piyarat Nimmanpipug, Busaban Sirithunyalug, Sunee Chansakaow, Supat Jiranusornkul
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)’s function may conduct significant changes in the prescription drugs’ pharmacokinetic profiles and escalate potential risks in taking place of drug/herb-drug interactions. Computational modeling was advanced to scrutinize some bioflavonoids which play roles in herb-drug interactions as P-gp inhibitors utilizing molecular docking and pharmacophore analyses. Twenty-five flavonoids were utilized as ligands for the modeling. The mouse P-gp (code: 4Q9H) was acquired from the PDB. The docking was operated utilizing AutoDock version 4.2.6 (Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA) against the NBD2 of 4Q9H. The result illustrated the high correlation between the docking scores and observed activities of the flavonoids and the putative binding site of these flavonoids was proposed and compared with the site for ATP. To evaluate hotspot amino acid residues within the NBD2, Binding modes for the ligands were achieved using LigandScout to originate the NBD2-flavonoid pharmacophore models. The results asserted that these inhibitors competed with ATP for binding site in the NBD2 (as competitive inhibitors) including the hotspot residues which associated with electrostatic and van der Waals interactions with the flavonoids. In MD simulation of eight delegated complexes selected from the analyzed flavonoid subclasses, RMSD analysis of the trajectories indicated the residues were stable throughout the duration of simulations.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anthocyanins
- Benzene
- Flavones
- Nucleic Acids
- Chromones
- Benzopyrenes
- Catechin