Fisheries and Aquaculture
Bill Pritchard, Rodomiro Ortiz, Meera Shekar in Routledge Handbook of Food and Nutrition Security, 2016
Fish is an important source of protein for many communities. In 2010, these foods provided about 3.1 billion people with almost 20 per cent of their intake of animal protein, and accounted for 16.7 per cent of the global population’s intake of animal protein in 2010 and 6.5 per cent of all protein consumed (Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2014; High Level Panel of Experts on Global Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) 2014; Committee on fisheries Sub-Committee on Fish Trade (COFI:FT) 2014). The bioavailability of fish protein is approximately 5–15 per cent higher than that from plant sources and fish also contains several amino acids essential for human health, especially lysine and methionine. In addition, the lipid composition of fish is unique, having long-chain, poly-unsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) with many potential beneficial effects for adult health and child development. The richest sources of LC-PUFAs include many low-cost, small pelagic fish such as anchovy and sardine. Fish is also an important source of essential micronutrients – vitamins D, A and B, minerals (calcium, phosphorus, iodine, zinc, iron and selenium) – especially so for many small fish species that are consumed whole (with bones, heads and viscera).
Utilization of Fisheries' By-Products for Functional Foods
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
There are several ways to hydrolyze the fish protein such as chemically hydrolysis, thermal hydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis (Zamora-Sillero et al., 2018). Among the methods, chemically hydrolysis using alkali and acid is relatively low cost and simple to operate; thus, the method is widely used at an industrial scale. However, compared to biochemical methods, the chemical and thermal hydrolysis approach is harsher, which caused amino acid profile damage, a loss of nutrients, and produced very heterogeneous peptides due to the nonspecific peptide bond cleaving. Biochemical hydrolysis can be done using endogenous proteolytic enzymes of the fish proteins or using exogenous enzymes. According to Zamora-Sillero et al. (2018), the hydrolyzing process of the fish protein is much more controllable when an exogenous enzyme is used compared to the endogenous enzyme. Moreover, an exogenous enzyme will produce a better homogeneous protein hydrolysate. Therefore, an enzymatic approach is currently considered as the most effective protein hydrolysis method available to produce FPH. Enzyme selection has a key role in hydrolyzing fish protein.
Stable Isotopic Biomarkers of Diet
Dale A. Schoeller, Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga in Advances in the Assessment of Dietary Intake, 2017
More recently, Patel and colleagues (2014) examined associations of serum δ13C and δ15N with dietary correlates (estimated using a food frequency questionnaire [FFQ]) in a case-cohort study (n = 718) nested within the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort. Fish protein intake showed moderate positive associations with serum δ13C (r = 0.22) and δ15N (r = 0.20). Animal protein intake was not associated with serum δ13C, but showed weak significant correlations with serum δ15N (dairy protein r = 0.11, meat protein r = 0.09). These associations are weaker than those observed in the VERA study, likely due to differences in error associated with the measures of dietary self-report.
Chemical Utilization of Albizia lebbeck Leaves for Developing Protein Concentrates as a Dietary Supplement
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2018
Lutful Haque Khan, V. K. Varshney
Proteins are most important for the development of the human body and maintenance of good health. Adequate amounts of proteins are essential for normal maintenance of body functions and for growth, maturation, pregnancy, lactation, and recovery from injuries and diseases. Protein deficiency and malnutrition are being experienced by a large population of the developing world. With rapid population growth coupled with limited cultivable land, shortage of protein has become a global issue. The world has recognized the grim truth that ultimately the population growth will outstrip food suppliers. Approximately 60% of the 10.9 million deaths each year among children under the age of five in the developing world are attributed to protein malnutrition (WHO, 2002). Further, shortage of good quality protein is a serious concern of feed producers. These considerations have necessitated the search for additional sources of protein. Several novel sources of protein such as fish protein concentrate (FPC; Bárzana & Garía-Garibay, 1994), single-cell protein (SCP; Nasseri et al., 2011), soybean protein (SBP; Bhatia & Greer, 2008), and insect protein (Ghaly & Alkoaik, 2010) have been suggested to meet the increasing demand of human dietary and animal protein.
Contamination and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in water and sediment from hubs of fish resource river in a developing country
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Mir Mohammad Ali, Mohammad Lokman Ali, Md. Refat Jahan Rakib, Md. Saiful Islam, Ahasan Habib, Shaharior Hossen, Khalid A. Ibrahim, Abubakr M. Idris, Khamphe Phoungthong
All the matrices were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometers (Model ZEEnit700P# 150Z7P0110, Analytikjena, Germany) using the GFAAS and Hydride Generator system for Pb, Cd, Cr, and As. According to EC567/2002, in-house validation of all methods is carried out. The analytical conditions for analyzing heavy metals in a sample using AAS are listed in Table S1. The dilution standard (1000 ppm) supplied by Sigma Aldrich, Switzerland, measured the calibration specifications for the instrument. The concentration of heavy metal in sediment was expressed as mg/kg, while μg/L was expressed for the water sample. Containers and glassware were washed with 20% HNO3, several times rinsed with ultrapure water, and dried in the oven prior to use. The analytical technique was tested using the certified reference material DORM- 4 Fish protein certified reference material for trace metals. The Canadian National Research Council prepared and supplied these fish samples. As shown in Table S2, the recovery percentage for certified reference material (DORM-4) for heavy metals was observed between 89–99 and 95–101 for NMIJ CRM 7303-a lake sediment. The results indicated a clear agreement between the accredited and observed principles.
Poultry and Fish Consumption in Relation to Total Cancer Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2018
Zheng Zhang, Guo-Chong Chen, Zhi-Zhen Qin, Xing Tong, Da-Peng Li, Li-Qiang Qin
In the highest versus lowest intake analysis of poultry consumption and cancer mortality, there was a decrease in cancer mortality risk associated with higher poultry intake. However, potential mechanisms responsible for this inverse association remain unclear. One possible explanation may involve the low content of saturated fat and heme iron in poultry. Substitution of poultry with red meat lead to a lower exposure to carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds, attenuated heme iron-induced oxidative stress, and DNA damage (46), as well as reduced colon cytotoxicity associated with peroxidation of fat (47). However, in Song et al's study comparing plant and animal proteins, they found that replacement of 3% energy from poultry or fish protein with plant protein had no effect on cancer mortality (22). This study was excluded because relative RRs of cancer mortality for meat consumption were not provided.