Utilization of Fisheries' By-Products for Functional Foods
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Numerous studies have been conducted to extract oil from fish-processing by-products, especially from viscera (guts and liver) of fish. Most fish oils are extracted from the livers of fatty fish species (Bechtel et al., 2010). Omega-3 fatty acids contained in different fisheries by-products, that is, fishbone, gills, guts, head, liver and skin of pelagic species such as Alaska pink salmon and Alaska walleye pollock (Oliveira and Bechtel, 2005), black rockfish (Oliveira et al., 2011), Black Sea anchovy (Gencbay and Turhan, 2016), Pacific Ocean perch (Bechtel et al., 2010), sardine (Khoddami et al., 2009), salmon (Sun et al., 2006), sea bream (Pateiro et al., 2020), sea bass (Munekata et al., 2020) and tuna (Khoddami et al., 2012). The hydrolyzed fish oil extracted from the heads and bones of various fish species contained 32.78% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), with 10.36% EPA and 9.12% DHA (Nascimento et al., 2015). Refined oil from Sardinella lemuru in the by-products of the canning industry contained an EPA concentration of 650.65 µg/mL (Nurbayasari et al., 2015). Oil extraction from bigeye tuna skin, scales and bones resulted in fish oil with 27.7–31.5% PUFAs, including 24.7–28.3% EPA and DHA (Ahmed et al., 2017).
Naturopathic Medicine and the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston in Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2015
There are many studies on fish oil supplementation and increased fish intake for the treatment of blood pressure for medicated and unmedicated hypertensive patients. Some studies show modest reductions in blood pressure. In a recent meta-analysis of 17 studies, researches concluded that reductions in SBP of 2.56 mmHg and DBP of 1.47 mmHg were found with fish oil supplementation. Varying doses of fish oil including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were used in this analysis. Although a small reduction in blood pressure was found, the researchers state that a 2-mmHg reduction in SBP can lower mortality by 10% for strokes and mortality by 7% for ischemic heart disease.82 Typical doses for fish oil are 2–3 g/day. Side effects may include burping and abdominal discomfort.
Osteoarthritis
Kohlstadt Ingrid, Cintron Kenneth in Metabolic Therapies in Orthopedics, Second Edition, 2018
When treating patients with omega-3 fatty acids it is reasonable to use fish oil products consisting of the triglyceride form of EPA and DHA because it may be better absorbed. It is reasonable to choose products that have been tested for purity and that are extremely low in contaminants of pesticides, mercury and PCBs. It is reasonable to use approximately 2–4 g of high-EPA fish oil per day. In patients with sluggish delta-6-desaturase enzymes the omega-6 equivalent GLA may also need to be taken even though it is omega-6. This would be recommended for patients that are obese as well as for patients that have metabolic syndrome. It is reasonable to use about 240 mg of GLA in most patients on 2–4 g of fish oil. Side effects of fish oil are minimal but caution should be used if a patient is on a medication such as Coumadin because of the platelet effects of fish oil.
Fish-oil supplementation improves retinal injury induced by diabetes and hypercholesterolemia in male Wistar rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Hassan IH El-Sayyad, Doaa A. Ali, Mohamed E Hanafy
Fish oil is composed of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) which cannot be synthesized in the body and has to be supplemented in the diet [16]. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been strongly associated with cardiovascular protection even at low doses to improve endothelial function [17,18]. Dietary oily fish and sea-food intake were associated with decreased incidence of age-related macular degeneration [19]. The retina has a high concentration of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, which optimizes fluidity of photoreceptor membranes, retinal integrity, and visual function [20]. The lipid contents of the disk membranes are composed primarily of phospholipids (80–90% of the total lipid) with low levels of cholesterol (8–10%), a composition that makes them unusually fluid. DHA accounts for approximately 50–60% of the total fatty acid content within rod outer segments of photoreceptors [21].
Fish oil and chicoric acid combination protects better against palmitate-induced lipid accumulation via regulating AMPK-mediated SREBP-1/FAS and PPARα/UCP2 pathways
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Mohammad Mohammadi, Roghayeh Abbasalipourkabir, Nasrin Ziamajidi
Fish oil omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), predominantly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in which the first double bond is located at the third carbon from the omega end. From here on, we use the term “fish oil” to refer to mixture of EPA plus DHA, unless noted otherwise. There is growing evidence that fish oil supplementation has beneficial effects on many chronic diseases such as cardiovascular (AbuMweis et al.2018), diabetes (Chen et al.2015), asthma (Best et al.2016), and NAFLD, as mentioned earlier (Chen et al.2018). Of note, increased fish oil intake is inversely associated with all-cause mortality among general population (Chen et al.2016). However, the mechanism of action of EPA in reducing all-cause mortality is probably due to its anti-inflammatory effects (Miura et al.2016). Although the exact mechanism of action of PUFAs on lipid metabolism is not yet fully understood, it seems that PUFAs affect both lipogenesis and lipolysis by targeting key transcriptional regulators of lipid metabolism such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) (Tai and Ding 2010).
Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation during childhood in preventing allergic disease: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2021
Yin Zhang, Jilei Lin, Rui Zhou, Xuexiang Zheng, Jihong Dai
Previous review (21) indicated that fish oil intake in children may be associated with immunologic benefits and may decrease the risk of some manifestations of allergic disease, but evidence was almost from observational studies and there was no any pooled data of the results. The previous meta-analysis (20) showed no benefit of omega-3 fatty acids intake during childhood was found in primary prevention of asthma. However, three included studies originated from the same cohort with different follow-up period and the outcome “wheeze” in some included studies was directly regarded as “asthma” in that meta-analysis. It overlooked the fact that wheeze cannot be equated to asthma simply. Synthesizing the current evidence in this review, the hypothesis that there is a protective association between omega-3 fatty acids intake during childhood and allergic disease cannot be confirmed or rejected unequivocally due to the current limited evidence.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Docosahexaenoic Acid
- Eicosapentaenoic Acid
- Hypertriglyceridemia
- Inflammation
- Tissue
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Eicosanoid
- Oily Fish
- Omega-3 Fatty Acid
- Meta-Analysis